L’Estoile,
1546-1611. A Chronicler, born in
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes from his Mémoires et
Journal de Pierre de l’Estoile concerning the
BkIX:Chap3:Sec2
Chateaubriand quotes from the Journal.
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes him.
BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1
See the Journal.
BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 He relates this tale from June 1595.
BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 See the Journal for January 1595.
BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 See the Journal.
BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 The
lady, Sainte-Beuve, an ardent Leaguer is mentioned several times in the Journal.
c1505-1573. A French Statesman, he was Chancellor of France under
Catherine de Medici. He favoured the Edict of Romorantin (1560) which
deprived the secular courts of jurisdiction in cases involving religion, and
was responsible for edicts granting liberty of conscience (1561) and restricted
liberty of worship (1562). He withdrew from court during the first War of
Religion (1562–63) but returned to power and in 1566 was the author of
important judicial reforms. After the outbreak (1567) of the second War of
Religion he was forced out of office (1568) by Charles and Henri de Guise. In
his retirement he composed Latin poetry.
BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2
He imitated Horace in Book III of his Complete Works.
La
Baronnais, François-Pierre Collas (?), Monsieur de
b. c. 1726 Father of the Chevalier,
a former officer he was an inhabitant of Dinard. He married Renée de Kergu.
BkIX:Chap11:Sec1
His son the Chevalier died at Thionville.
Son of Monsieur.
BkIX:Chap11:Sec1
Killed at Thionville.
La
The region in northern France, located between the Seine and Loire rivers.
It now comprises the Eure-et-Loir département and parts of Loiret and Loir-et-Cher.
The region shared the history of the county of Chartres, which is its only
major city.
BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1
Known for its wheatfields.
BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1
Madame de Colbert’s house, Montboissier, there.
La
Bédoyére, Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de
1786-1815. He brought over to Napoleon the 7th Regiment of the Line,
during the Hundred Days, and enabled the successful march on
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2
His speech in the Chamber of Peers in June.
La
Belinaye, Renée, Mademoiselle de
1728-1816. Aunt of the Comtesse de Trojolif,
she was born and died in Fougères. She
was also the aunt of the Marquis de La Rouërie.
BkIV:Chap10:Sec3
Mentioned.
La
Besnardière, Jean-Baptiste de Gouey, Comte de
1765-1843. A section head in the Foreign
Ministry from 1795 to 1819, he collaborated closely with
Talleyrand and accompanied him to the Congress of
Vienna. He was given a title on his return.
BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 At the
Congress of
The son of Monsieur Launay, he was a
childhood friend of Chateaubriand.
BkII:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
La
Billardière, Monsieur Launay de
A tobacco bonder, he lived at Combourg.
BkII:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
La
Bletterie, Jean-Philippe-René, Abbé de
1696-1772. A professor of the Collège de
France, he left a Life of
Julian (1735) and a translation of
Tacitus (1755-1768).
BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 His imitation of an epigram of Julian’s.
La
Bouëtardais, Marie-Annibal-Joseph de Bedée, Comte de
La
Bouillerie, François Roullet, Baron de
1764-1833. Former Deputy for the
BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1
Chateaubriand had asked him to augment the pension which Charles X had granted Thierry.
La
Bourdonnais, François Mahé de
1699-1753. A member of the nobility of Saint-Malo, La Bourdonnais was born
in the city in 1699. Lieutenant in the East Indies Company in 1718, he took
part in the capture of the main islands of the
BkI:Chap4:Sec5
Born in Saint-Malo.
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Bourdonnaye, François-Régis, Comte de
1767-1839. Fought with the Chouans
in the Vendée, and was an ultra-right wing member (leader of the White Jacobins) of the Chambre introuvable from 1815. Interior
Minister under Polignac in 1829,
he was quickly dismissed for extremism. He lost his position as Minister of
State and Charles X private advisor in the July Revolution.
BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1
A possible Chief Minister in 1827.
BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1
Interior Minister in 1829.
La
Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta
BkI:Chap1:Sec5.
He is mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriand’s application to
enrol in the order of Malta.
La
Briche,
1755-1844. Married Alexis La Live de La
Briche, youngest son of the financier La Live de Bellegarde. Widowed at thirty,
her only daughter married Mathieu
Molé in 1798.
BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 She inherited Le Marais, near Saint-Chéron,
forty kilometres south-west of
La
Chalotais, Louis-René de Caradeuc de
1701-1785. A French magistrate
(Advocate-General of the Breton Parlement
in 1730-1752, Attorney-General in 1752) who led the Parlement (high court of justice) in a protracted legal battle
against the authority of the government of King Louis XV
particularly with the Duke of Pivot, who was Governor of Brittany
and the King's representative, concerning the influence and fate of the Jesuit
order. This led him to be seen as the head of the parliamentary opposition, and
in 1765 he was imprisoned by Louis XV and later exiled. He was restored by
Louis XVI in 1775. The struggle resulted in the
purging and suspensions (1771–74) of the Parlements.
BkI:Chap3:Sec2
The affair involved Chateaubriand’s maternal relatives. His aunt and his cousin
Moreau rashly having made false accusations were obliged to make a public
retraction, and paid a heavy fine.
BkI:Chap4:Sec4
He wrote his Memoirs (published 1767) while imprisoned in the Château of Saint-Malo.
La
The Chartreuse mountain range is close to
BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1
Voreppe is a town between
Built for the French fleet in
1801, the 36 ton Frigate Chiffone Captain Pierre Guiyesse captured (June 1801)
the British Bellona on her way to
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1
On
La
Conchée,
Following plans designed by Vauban,
engineer Siméon de Garangeau (1647-1741) extended the town, revamped its
fortifications and built sea forts on the small islands off the city, Petit Bé,
Grand Bé and
BkI:Chap3:Sec4
Mentioned.
La
Fare, Anne-Louis-Henri, Cardinal de
1752-1829. Archbishop of Sens from 1817,
created Duke in 1822, a Cradinal from 1823. He died on
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrives at the Conclave of 1829.
La
Fayette, Georges-Washington de Motier de
1779-1849 The son of the
Marquis, after a military career he retired in 1807,
then after 1815 pursued a political career. He accompanied his father to
BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
La
Fayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Ives-Roch-Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de
1757-1834. General and Politician, he was prominent at the start of the
Revolution. His early career was distinguished by military success against the
British in American Revolution (1777-1779, 1780-1782). As a representative of
the States-General he presented the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
In 1792 the rising power of the radicals threatened him, and he went to
BkV:Chap9:Sec1
Appointed to lead the citizens’ militia which became the National Guard, after
the fall of the Bastille in July 1789.
BkV:Chap15:Sec3
BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkIX:Chap3:Sec1
Burnt in effigy for condemning the attack on the Tuileries.
BkIX:Chap5:Sec1
His efforts during the American War of Independence.
BkXI:Chap2:Sec2
A native of the
BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His noble birth.
BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1
He presented Paoli to Louis XVI.
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom.
BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
In
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1
His speech to the House of Representatives after Waterloo.
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2
Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815.
BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1
He responds to Chateaubriand’s article.
BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mooted
as a member of a Provisional Government in July 1830.
BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1
His arrest ordered but not carried out on
BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1
Receives a students delegation on
BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1
Proposed as President of a Republic in July 1830.
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1
He refused the Presidency on the morning of
BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXXIII:Chap6:Sec1
Louis-Philippe’s dominance over him.
BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832.
BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s description of his life and politics. He received a triumphant
welcome in
BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Fayette, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Madame de
1634-1693. A French writer, she married in 1651 the Chevalier de Sévigné, and thus became connected with Mme de Sévigné, who was destined to be a lifelong friend. Her first novel, La Princesse de Montpensier, was published anonymously in 1662; Zayde appeared in 1670 under the name of J. de Segrais; and in 1678 her masterpiece, La Princesse de Cleves, also under the name of Segrais.
BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1
A friend of La Rochefoucauld.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
Her charming talent.
La
Fayette, Marie-Adrienne-Françoise de Noailles, Marquise de
1759-1807. The daughter of Jean-Louis-Paul-François, Duc d’Ayen and
Duc de Noailles, she lost her mother and sister to the guillotine and barely
escaped execution herself (1794). After a failed attempt to have her
husband
(they married in 1774) released from an Austrian prison, she shared his prison
cell in Olmuts (1795-97). They had four children: Henriette, Anastasie,
Virginie, and George Washington.
BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
La
Feronnays, Pierre-Louis-Auguste Ferron, Comte de
1777-1842. A soldier then diplomat, he was the Ambassador to
BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A
native of Saint-Malo.
BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 A plenipotentiary with Chateaubriand at the Congress of Verona.
BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand writes to him in
BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1
Foreign Minister in 1828, a friend of Chateaubriand.
BkXXIX:Chap11:Sec1
Informs Chateaubriand of the surrender of Varna
in September 1829. He had been obliged to take a few weeks leave due to
illness, and rumours had spread of his resignation.
BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1
Went to
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand
reports him cured of his illness in March 1829.
BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1
Mentioned as unable to fulfil a Ministerial role any longer.
BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Sent to Prague by the Duchess de Berry in 1833.
BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 In Udine in 1833. He was brother-in-law to Blacas.
Sunk by the English near the
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1
Used to transport Republican exiles to the
1621-1695. Author of the Fables
(1688-1694) sophisticated verse treatments of traditional fables from the collections
of Aesop, Phaedrus and others. His many other works include his bawdy verse
tales (Contes, 1664) which he
supposedly repudiated after his religious conversion in 1692.
BkI:Chap5:Sec3
Chateaubriand, perhaps unconsciously, quotes the first verse of La Fontaine’s
fable ‘The Acorn and the Pumpkin’ (Fables
IX.4)
BkII:Chap7:Sec3
Chateaubriand quotes from ‘The Monkey and the Cat’ (Fables IX.16)
BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes the last line of Vieillard
et les trois jeunes hommes (Fables
XI.8)
BkIX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes from La Cigale et la Fourmi (The Cicada and the Ant, Fables I.1), with himself as the singing
Cicada in the first instance and George Sand in the second.
BkX:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand refers to Le Chat, la
Belette et le petit Lapin (Fables,
VII.16)
BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXII:Chap3:Sec1
His work ignored by the English in 1822.
BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1
A reference to ‘Discours á M. le duc de
Rochefoucauld’ Fables X:14.
BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 A reference to Fables III:4.
BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 A reference to Fables VII:9, ‘The Coach and the Fly’, where the Fly goads the horses up the hill, considers it has done all the work, and asks for payment.
BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 A malicious reference to ‘The Two Cockerels’, Fables VII:14, line 3)
BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1
A reference to La Fontaine’s, Fables VII:12
BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1
The reference is to ‘The Cockerel and the
BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1
See La Matrone d’Éphèse: 149-150
BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1
See Fables XI:7 lines 11-13, Le Paysan de Danube.
BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1
See Fables X:1 line 52, L’Homme et la Couleuvre.
BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1
See Fables VI:18 Le Charretier Embourbé. The
Carter Stuck in the Mud. Set in Quimper-Corentin in
BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 See Fables VII:3 line 10 Le Rat qui s’est retiré du monde.
BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1
See Fables VIII:9 line 7 The Rat and the Oyster.
BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1
The reference is to an anecdote of Racine’s
in which La Fontaine arrived at Châlons to
see his wife who was at prayer and so he left without seeing her.
BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1
See Fables, the Fox and the Crow.
BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 ‘autre injure des ans’ is from Philemon et Baucis: 66, the sense is
‘another victim of time’s injuries’.
La
Force, Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, Marshal de
1558-1652.
He was a marshal
and peer of
BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Valet de Chambre to the Chateaubriand family.
BkI:Chap5:Sec2
Mentioned.
Minister under Louis XVI in 1789.
BkV:Chap8:Sec1
Appointed Comptroller-General in 1789.
La
A fishing port, now a quarter of Tunis.
Charles Quint built a fortress there
in 1537.
BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in 1807.
La Guiche, Philibert de,
Seigneur de La Guiche et de Chaumont
d. 1607 Grand-Master of the French Artillery (1578).
BkI:Chap4:Sec4
Mentioned.
La Harpe, Jean-François de
1739-1803. Literary critic. Friend of Madame Récamier.
A farm on the field of
Waterloo, it was defended by the Allies.
BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned.
Lahire, Ogier, Hector and Lancelot were
conventional names for the jacks in a pack of cards in
BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
La
Hoguette,
A sand mound surmounted by a gibbet in Chateaubriand’s day.
BkI:Chap3:Sec4
Mentioned.
La
Hontan or Lahontan, Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de
1666-1715. French soldier and writer who explored parts of what are now
BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians.
La
Laurencie, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta
BkI:Chap1:Sec5.
Mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriand’s application to enrol
in the order of Malta.
La
Luzerne, Anne-César, Comte de
1741-1791. Diplomat. French Minister to the
BkII:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Luzerne, César-Guillaume, Duc et Cardinal de
1738-1821. Brother of Anne-César, he was
Bishop of Langres from 1770. Deputy to the States-General, he emigrated in 1791
to
BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1
Wrote an article for the Conservateur.
La
Luzerne, César-Henri, Comte de
1737-1799. Older brother of Anne-César.
Governor-General of San-Dominguo 1786-1787. Minister of the Navy 1788-1789.
Died during the Emigration.
BkV:Chap8:Sec1
Dismissed by Louis XVI in 1789.
La Luzerne, César-Guillaume, Vicomte then
Comte de
Son of César-Henri. Brother in law
of Madame de Beaumont from 1787.
BkXV:Chap4:Sec1
Chateaubriand confuses him with his uncle Anne-César.
BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Recipient
of Chateaubriand’s description of Madame de Beaumont’s last days.
1763-1827. Former Captain of Dragoons, a printer in
BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
1778-1787 He was the beloved illegitimate son of Frederick-William II of
BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned in Mirabeau’s Secret History.
La
Martinière, Antoine Bruzeu de
1673-1749. He published a Grand
Dictionnaire géographique et critique (1726-1730) and was the nephew of
Richard Simon.
BkIV:Chap10:Sec2
Mentioned.
Officer in the
BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand encountered him at Cambrai
in 1786. He describes courting on his behalf (a scene reminiscent of Cyrano
only in reverse!).
BkIV:Chap10:Sec2
Chateaubriand found him again at Dieppe in
1789 (or perhaps 1787).
BkIX:Chap9:Sec1
In the émigré army in 1792.
1709-1751. Born 25th of December, 1709. He studied natural philosophy
then medicine and wrote widely on medical and philosophical matters. He moved
to
BkI:Chap4:Sec5
Born in Saint-Malo.
La
Morandais, François-Placide Maillard de
Steward of Combourg.
BkII:Chap3:Sec2
BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Takes
Chateaubriand on a trip to Saint-Malo.
La
Motte-Picquet, Toussaint-Guillaume
1720-1791. Commander of a squadron in 1778, he took part in the battle
of
La
Noue, François de, called
Bras de Fer
1531-1591. French Protestant general in the Wars of Religion. He
fought at Jarnac (1569) and Moncontour (1569). In 1570 he lost his left arm in
battle and had it replaced with an iron hook, whence he became known as Bras-de-fer
(iron-arm), as well as the Huguenot
Bayard. He took
part in the
BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Captured by
La
Noue, Monsieur de, see Cordellier
La
Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de
1741-1788. The French explorer
and naval officer who mapped the west coast of
Preface:Sect1
Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.
BkII:Chap8:Sec3
Chateaubriand saw him at Brest in 1783.
BkVI:Chap2:Sec1
BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 His road
being the road of death.
La
Placelière, Mademoiselle de, see Lavigne
La Porte, Monsieur de, see
Laporte
Minister under Louis XVI in 1789.
Laqueuille,
Marquis de
1742-1810. Resigned as Deputy to organise the émigré Compagnie des gentilhommes auvergnats.
BkIX:Chap1:Sec1
Declared a traitor in December 1791.
1753-1824. A member of the Directory, he invented a new religion of
Theo-philanthropy.
BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Rochefoucauld, Ambroise-Polycarpe de, Duc de Doudeauville
1765-1841. An émigré, he returned to live quietly on his estate at
Montmirail. Made a Peer of France in 1815, he was named Director of the Postal
Services (1822), then in 1824 Minister of the King’s Household.
BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1
Opposes Villèle over the disbanding of the
National Guard in April 1827.
BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1
He and his son Sosthènes who had
married Montmorency’s only
daughter, lived at Montmirail.
BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Rochefoucauld, François VI, Duc de
1613-1680. A French writer, who as head of
an ancient family (in his youth he bore the title prince de Marcillac) opposed Richelieu and was later active in
both Frondes. Wounded and disheartened, he made his peace (1652) and retired to
his estates in
BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1
Loved by Madame de Longueville, he was also a friend
of Madame de La Fayette, and Madame de Sévigné.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
His attempt to harm the Cardinal de Retz.
La
Rochefoucauld, Sosthènes de
1785-1864. Son of Ambroise,
Duke
of Doudeauville, son-in-law of Mathieu de Montmorency, he was charged with
the department of the fine arts, in the ministry of Charles X’s household until the end
of the Restoration. He was thus in control of the museums, royal manufactures,
the Conservatory and the five royal theatres: the Opera, the François, the
Odeon, the Opera-Comique, and the Italiens. He became Duc de Doudeaville.
BkXXII:Chap
23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist, he was in 1814 aide-de-camp to General
Dessoles.
La
Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier, Comte de
1772-1794. A French commander, he was leader
of the counter-revolutionary army in the Vendée. His legendary
gallantry and tactical abilities were of little avail against superior Republican
armies. He was killed in battle at Nouaillé.
BkV:Chap15:Sec3
BkXI:Chap3:Sec2
BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Rochejacquelein, Auguste du Vergier, Comte
1783-1868. Younger brother of Henri,
he served with Napoleon then fought in the Vendée on behalf of the Duchesse de Berry, for which he was condemned to death
but later acquitted.
BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1
At Versailles on
A seaport on the Atlantic Ocean, it is the capital of the Charente-Maritime
département. The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a bridge,
completed in 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d’Antioche.
A 10th century foundation it became a Huguenot stronghold reduced by Cardinal Richelieu, and later a centre of
the triangular trade.
BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda, 3rd Marquis of
1761-1811. A Spanish officer he fought in the American Revolutionary
War. King Charles
IV, bullied and pressured by Napoleon, agreed in 1807 to provide a division
to bolster the French army in Germany. La Romana was made commander of this ‘Division
of the North’ and spent 1807 and 1808 performing garrison duties in Hamburg and
later Denmark under Marshal Bernadotte.
When the Peninsular War broke out, La Romana made plans to repatriate his men
to Spain. That 9,000 men of the 14,000-strong division were able to board British
ships on August 27 and escape to Spain was chiefly due to his subterfuge and
organizational skills. La Romana drove the French from Asturias. In 1809, he
was appointed to the Central Junta and served until 1810. He then returned to
military operations under Wellington but died suddenly on January 23, 1811
without again seeing major action.
BkXX:Chap7:Sec2
Mentioned.
La
Rouërie, see Rouërie,
Marquis de La
La
Sablière, Marguerite née Hessein, de
1640-1693. The wife of Antoine Rambouillet, Sieur de la Sablière
(1624-1679), a Protestant financier entrusted with the administration of the
royal estates, her salon became a meeting-place for poets, scientists, men of
letters, and courtiers of Louis XIV. About 1673 Madame de la Sablière received
into her house
La
Fontaine, whom she sponsored for twenty years.
BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.
La
Somaglia, Giulio Maria, Cardinal
1744-1830. Created a Cardinal in 1795, he was expelled from
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
La
Suze, Louis-François Chamillard, Marquis de
1751-1833. He was Maréchal des Logis to Louis
XVIII.
BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Tour-Maubourg, Marie-Victor-Nicolas de Fay, Marquis de
1768-1850. He was made a Peer under the Restoration, Ambassador to
BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1
Commanded the cavalry at Smolensk in
retreat in 1812.
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
At the Invalides during the July Revolution.
BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as a supporter of the Duchess de Berry.
BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned as a possible member of Charles X’s Chateaubriand-led government in
1833!
La
Vallière, Louise Françoise de la Blaume Le Blanc, de
1644-1710. She was the mistress of King Louis XIV
of
BkIV:Chap2:Sec2
Her final vows, and Bossuet’s sermon.
BkIV:Chap9:Sec2
BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company.
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
La
Vauguyon, Paul-François de Quelen, Duc de
1746-1818. He was a Minister under Louis XVI.
BkV:Chap8:Sec1
Replaced Montmorin as Minister
for Foreign Affairs in 1789.
1663-1738. A missionary in the
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2
Described.
1526-1566. A poetess, she was born into a prosperous family of
rope-makers. In 1555 Euvres de Louize
BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1
Quoted.
Laborde,
Comte Alexandre-Louis-Joseph de
1773-1842. He was a scholar,
writer, Deputy for the
BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Attaché in
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 In the matter of the marriage of Marie Louise he was the secret agent between Napoleon’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Prince of Schwarzenberg.
BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1
Attaché to the National Guard in 1814.
BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1
Sent to meet Schwarzenberg in 1814.
BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1
Mentioned in 1830.
BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1
Named as Prefect of the
Laborie,
Antoine-Athanase Roux de
1769-1842. A Friend of the Bertin
brothers, he was a shareholder in the Journal
of Debates. Employed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Talleyrand’s protection, he was
accused by Fouché of leaking
confidential information. He had to hide to escape the police and fled
BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1
At Savigny in 1801.
BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1
Became Private Secretary to the Provisional Government in 1814.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
At Ghent in 1815.
BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1
General Lamothe was his brother-in-law.
He was the son of Antoine.
BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 His
duel with Carrel on
Labrador,
Pedro Gomez Havela, Marquis de
1775-1850. Spanish Ambassador in
BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned.
Lacépède,
Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte
1756-1825.
A French
naturalist, he won the favour of Buffon,
who secured him a position at the Jardin du Roi (later the Jardin des Plantes).
His best-known works deal with the oviparous quadrupeds, reptiles, fishes, and
whales; they are frequently printed with Buffon’s works, which they supplement.
Lacépède was active in politics and was exiled during the Reign of Terror.
After his return he gave up scientific work for a political career and held
several state offices. Napoleon appointed him Grand Chancellor.
BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1
Quoted.
BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1
Mentioned.
Laclos,
Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de
1741-1803. His father was a government official who was ennobled but
without a title. Laclos joined the army and with the end of the Seven Years War
in 1763, was transferred to north-eastern
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
Mentioned as involved in the amusements at Monceaux.
1766-1855. Lacretelle the younger was
journalist then historian, and wrote the first great History of the Revolution
(1821-26). He was proscribed after Vendémiaire, and imprisoned after Fructidor.
He published an account of his tribulations.
BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His courage.
BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 He writes to
Chateaubriand in 1829.
1751-1824. A French politician and writer, he practised as a barrister
in
BkII:Chap3:Sec2
Mentioned as a lawyer.
A student of the École Polytechnique in 1830.
BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1
Involved in the fighting of
Ladvocat,
Pierre-François, known as Charles
1785-1854. A well-known
BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1
Chateaubriand sold him the rights to his complete works, for 550,000 francs, in
March 1826. Thirty volumes duly appeared between June and December 1826 (others
through to 1832). With Ladvocat in financial difficulties Chateaubriand agreed
to a reduction, to 350,000 francs, in February 1827. In November 1828, Ladvocat
sold the rights to Pourrat and Delandine for only 10,000 francs. Chateaubriand presumably
lost about 200,000 francs on the original deal.
1593-1673. A Jesuit missionary, he died at
BkVII:Chap8:Sec2
Mentioned.
1600-? A Liège mathematician and astrologer
under whose name an almanac of prophecies and predictions was produced from
1626.
BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1
The almanac.
Laertes, the son of Arcesius, was the king of
BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lafitau
or Laffiteau, Joseph-François, Le Père
1681-1746. A Jesuit missionary and writer, he entered the Society in
1696, and the general, Tamburini, yielding to his entreaties, sent him to
BkVII:Chap10:Sec1
His description of the Canadian Indians.
A French officer who worked with Lazare
Carnot.
BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned.
1767-1844. A French banker and politician, he became a partner in a
Perregaux banking house in 1800 and head of the firm in 1804. As governor of
the Bank of France (1814–19), he raised large sums of money for the provisional
government in 1814 and for Louis XVIII during the Hundred Days. He saved
BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Joint leader of the left-wing opposition in
1827.
BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on
BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Receives a students’ delegation on
BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1
Hosts a meeting of Deputies, and is appointed
a member of the Municipal Commission on
BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A supporter of Louis-Philippe in July 1830.
BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Hôtel de Ville on the 31st of July.
He was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 3rd August.
BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1
BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1
He advanced Chateaubriand money in 1832.
1759-1832. A novelist, descended from French refugees, and pastor at
BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
Laforest,
Antoine-René, Comte de
1756-1846. Career diplomat and protégé of Talleyrand, he participated in the
Congress of Luneville, then represented
BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1
BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.
Lagarde,
Pierre-François-Denis de
1769-? A former functionary in the Foreign
Office, and Director of Censorship, he was the Commissioner-General of Police
in
BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
He was an adjutant at the
BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1
He carried communications between Napoleon and the Pope.
1736-1813. He was a French mathematician and
astronomer, of French and Italian descent. Before the age of 20 he was
professor of geometry at the royal artillery school at
BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2
His capitulation to Napoleon.
BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1
His death in 1813.
1739-1803. Poet, essayist and member of the Academy, he was already
famous by the start of the Revolution, and supported it until he was arrested
in 1794. After Thermidor, he was a leader of the anti-Jacobin reaction.
BkIV:Chap11:Sec1
BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 BkIV:Chap12:Sec4
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkV:Chap15:Sec2
Argued with Chateaubriand over his politics.
BkIX:Chap6:Sec2
His reaction to the invasion of the Tuileries
in 1792.
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand sent him a copy of the Essai.
BkXI:Chap3:Sec1
He reviewed Fontanes first verse
favourably.
BkXI:Chap3:Sec1
He co-founded the Mémorial journal.
BkXII:Chap5:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes from Le Triomphe de
la religion chrétienne, ou le Roi martyr.
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Celebrated Madame de Vintimille and Madame de Fezensac.
BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Converted in prison by Madame de Clermont-Tonnerre.
BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1
His death in February 1803. He had previously published Du Fanatisme dans la langue révolutionnaire. His poem on the
Revolution was Le Triomphe (Published
posthumously by Migneret in 1814): Chateaubriand quotes from Book XII, chapter
V. He remarried at 68, with a Mademoiselle de Hatte-Longuerue, much younger than
himself, but swiftly divorced in 1797.
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2
Buried in the Vaugirard cemetery.
BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1
His pamphlets in 1795.
1767-1835. Politician and magistrate, he was a Member of the
Legislature under the Empire and of the Chamber of Deputies after the
Restoration, chairing the latter 1814-16. Minister of the Interior 1816-18. He
was a Member of the Chamber of Peers and of the Academy.
BkXV:Chap7:Sec2
Regarded by Bonaparte as an agent of
BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Presided over the Legislature.
BkXXII:Chap
24:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1814-15. His agreement with
Chateaubriand in 1815.
BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1
Buys a ticket in the lottery sale of Chateaubriand’s property in 1817.
BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1
Chateaubriand wishes to see him in government and works on his behalf in 1820.
BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1
Chateaubriand recommends him to the Dauphine.
4th
century BC.
A legendary hetaera or courtesan of ancient
BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.
1757-1837. Minister of War from June 1792-August 1793, he emigrated to
BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s text is in error here.
BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
She was a mistress of Horace,
addressed in his Odes.
BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lalande,
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de
1732-1807. A
French
astronomer, who under the direction of the
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His
Voyage d'un français en Italie (1769) is a valuable and detailed record
of his travels in 1765–1766.
Lally-Tolendal,
Thomas-Arthur O’Mullally, Baron de
1702-1766. Last Governor of the
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
His trial mentioned.
Lally-Tolendal,
Trophime-Gérard, Marquis de
1751-1830. Son of Thomas, he obtained
the rehabilitation of his father’s name in 1778, his father having been
condemned to death in 1766 for high treason. He emigrated in 1790, returning in
1792 to assist in vain in the King’s escape.
BkV:Chap9:Sec1
He was one of those who met and harangued the King at the Hôtel de Ville on
BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Occupied the house at 31 Rue Mirosmesnil, after Chateaubriand.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
A Minister without Portfolio in Ghent during
the Hundred Days. His muse was the fervently royalist wife of the physician Charles, she later inspiring Lamartine.
BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1
Named a Peer at the same time as Chateaubriand in 1815, he supported a liberal
government.
BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1
On
The Dalai Lama is the temporal and spiritual head of the
BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1
His entomologists.
Lamarque,
Jean-Maximilien, General
1770-1832. Commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member
of French Parliament. He was a noted military patriot and orator. As an
opponent of the Ancien Régime, he is known for his active suppression of
Royalist and Legitimist activity. His death was also the catalyst of a Parisian
uprising in June of 1832.
BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832.
BkXXXV:Chap2:Sec1
His death from cholera led to an insurrection at his funeral on
Lamartine,
Alphonse Louis Marie de Prat, de
1790-1869. He was a French poet, novelist, and
statesman. After a trip to
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2
The reference is to an intervention of his in the Chamber of Deputies on
BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1
The phrase used of the infant Duc de Bordeaux
derives from Lamartine’s Ode on the Birth
of the Duke of Bordeaux (written in
BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2
Mentioned.
BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1
Lamartine was elected to the Academy on
The old market town of Lambach lies in the Alpine foreland 15 miles north of the Traunsee and 6 miles southwest of the town of Wels, on the left bank of the River Traun at the spot where, having flowed down from the Salzkammergut, it turns eastward.
BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in 1833.
A commercial town in
BkI:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lamballe,
Marie Thérèse Louise de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de
1749-92.
Devoted friend and favourite of Queen Marie Antoinette of
BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1
Imprisoned in La Force.
Lambesc,
Charles-Eugène-Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Brionne, Prince de
1751-1825. Colonel of the Royal-Allemand Regiment. He fought in the
army of the Bourbons, and later in the service of
BkV:Chap8:Sec2
His action at the Tuileries on
Lambruschini,
Luigi, Monsignor
1766-1854. Archbishop of
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 He was involved in intrigue in 1829.
Lamennais,
Abbé Félicité Robert de
1782-1854. In 1816, his Essay on indifference in matters of religion
achieved a remarkable success. An ultramontane and one who denounced the
secular despotism of Napoleon, he dared
to criticise the Charter and to advocate the restoration of absolutism to bring
about the reign of God and the freedom of the peoples on earth. A virulent
polemicist, he lost no opportunity to stigmatise with bitter zeal the
concessions made by the royal government and the cowardice of those clergy and
bishops who were Cartesians, Gallicans and supporters of the Concordat.
Eventually condemned by the Pope, he renounced formal religious convictions,
and effectively died an apostate.
BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A
native of Saint-Malo.
BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 From a Hymn to
BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He collaborated with Chateaubriand on the Conservateur, in 1818.
BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 He was fined and imprisoned for a year in December 1840 for his pamphlet Le Pays et le Gouvernement. Chateaubriand quotes from his pamphlet published in Septembver 1841, and written in gaol.
Lameth,
Alexandre Théodore Victor, Comte de
1760-1829.
A French soldier and politician, he served
in the American War of Independence under Rochambeau, and in 1789 was a deputy
to the States-General. In the Constituent Assembly he formed with Barnave
and Adrien Duport a ‘Triumvirate’, which controlled the advanced left of the
Assembly. He presented a famous report on the organization of the army, but is
better known for his speech on February 28, 1791, at the Jacobin Club, against Honoré
Mirabeau, whose relations with the
court were suspect, and who was a personal enemy. However, after the flight to Varennes,
Lameth became reconciled with the court. He served in the army but was accused
of treason in 1792, fled the country, and was imprisoned by the Austrians.
After his release he went into business with his brother Charles at Hamburg and did not return to France until
the Consulate. Under the Empire he was made prefect successively in several
departments, and in 1810 was created a baron. In 1814 he attached himself to
the Bourbons, and under the Restoration was appointed prefect of Somme, deputy
for Seine-Inférieure and finally deputy for Seine-et-Oise, in which capacity he
was a leader of the Liberal opposition. He was the author of an important
History of the Constituent Assembly (1828-1829).
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2
Speaking in the Chamber of Peers in June 1815.
Lameth,
Charles Malo François, de
1757-1832.
A French
politician and soldier, he was in the retinue of the Comte d'Artois (future
King Charles X), and became an
officer in a cuirassier regiment. He served in the American War of
Independence, and was a deputy to the Estates-General of 1789. As the Assembly
began to divide into factions, Lameth, a constitutional monarchist, was
identified with the Feuillants. When
the French Revolution became a Republic, he emigrated. He returned to France
under the Consulate, and was appointed governor of Würzburg under the First
Empire. In 1814, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant General. Like his brother Alexandre, after the Bourbon Restoration, Charles
joined the Bourbon camp, succeeding Alexandre as deputy in 1829. In the final
years of his life, he was nonetheless a noted supporter of the July Monarchy.
BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1
Bonnay satirised him in a poem: ‘La Prise des Annociades’ regarding
surveillance of the convent of the ‘Annonciades’ at Pontoise.
BkIV:Chap13:Sec1
Examples of parliamentary magistrates.
Lamoignon,
Auguste, Marquis de
1765-1845. A Councillor in the Parlement, he crossed to
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Joined Mrs Lindsay on her return to
1567-1636. A pupil of Cujas. Member
of the Parlement of
BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Father of Guillaume.
Lamoignon, Christian, Vicomte de
1770-1827. The brother of Auguste, he served
in the émigré army, and was wounded at Quiberon
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 A friend of Chateaubriand in
BkXII:Chap5:Sec1
With Chateaubriand at Richmond in the
summer of 1799.
BkXII:Chap6:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A
returning émigré in
BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1
He helped to settle the articles of surrender in
BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand says that Christian introduced
him to Madame Récamier,
Chateaubriand having first seen her
at Madame de Staël’s. This was
presumably in 1805, since he did not meet her again for twelve years.
Lamoignon,
Guillaume de, Marquis de Basville
1617-1677. Became in 1644 master of requests in the Parlement, took an
active part in the Fronde of the
Parlement against Mazarin. He became first
president of the Parlement in 1658. Made Marquis de Basville in 1670.The great
work which he did towards preparing the codification of French laws has made
him famous. A distinguished member of the Society of the Holy Sacrament, he was
greatly devoted to the Catholic cause.
BkII:Chap3:Sec2
Mention of his father, Christian.
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mention of his estate at Basville in
1772-1836. The brother-in-law of
Laborie. He took part in the
Malet conspiracy. He was re-appointed as a Lieutenant-General
at the First Restoration.
BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 In
Roye in 1815.
A friend of Lucile.
BkXV:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lamour
de Langégu, Pétronille, see
Chateaubriand
Lampedusa,
The largest of the Pelagie Islands in the
Mediterranean, 205 km from Sicily and 113 km from Tunisia. Politically and
administratively Lampedusa is part of Italy, but geologically it belongs to Africa
since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 meters.
BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.
Colonel of the Regiment de La Fère at
Auxonne in 1785.
BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Colonel of
Bonaparte’s regiment.
Lancellotti,
Ottavio, 1st Prince of
1789-1852. Owner of the Palazzo Lancellotti, now no 18 Via Lancelotti,
in
BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lancellotti,
Giuseppina Massimo, Princess
1799-1862. She was the daughter of Prince
Camillo VII
Massimo of Arsoli.
BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.
Landau
(Landau in der Pfalz),
An autonomous city in the Rhineland Palatinate,
Landau was
occupied by the French from 1680 to 1815, when it was one of the Décapole,
the ten free cities of Alsace, and received its modern fortifications from Louis
XIV’s military architect Vauban, making the little city (population in 1789 was
still only approximately 5,000) one of Europe’s strongest citadels. After the Hundred
Days Landau was granted to Bavaria in 1816 and became the capital of one of the
thirteen Bezirksämter (counties) of the Bavarian Rheinpfalz.
BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3
BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Traded at the Congress of
1804-1834. An English explorer of
BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.
The Landsturm was the Prussian
and Austrian equivalent of the Levée en masse, or general levy of all
men capable of bearing arms and not included in the other regularly organized
forces, standing army or second line formations, of Continental nations. It was
introduced in Prussia in 1813.
BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 The
levy of 1813.
Langres,
Possibly the seventeenth century inquisitor (fl. 1612).
BkI:Chap5:Sec3
His religious fervour.
Lanjamet,
Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta
BkI:Chap1:Sec5.
Mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriand’s application to enrol
in the order of Malta.
1753-1827. A French Politician and lawyer, he
developed moderate, even reactionary views, becoming one of the fiercest
opponents of the Mountain, though he never wavered in his support of republican
principles. He refused to vote for the death of Louis XVI, alleging that the
nation had no right to despatch a vanquished prisoner. He was President of the
upper house during the Hundred Days. Together with G. J.
B. Target, J. E. M. Portalis and others he
founded under the empire an academy of legislation in
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom.
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 President of the Chamber of Representatives in 1815.
Lannes,
Jean, Duc de Montebello, Marshal of
1769-1809. A Marshal of France, he fought
under Napoleon in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, supported his coup of
18th Brumaire, and distinguished himself at Montebello,
Austerlitz, Jena, Friedland,
and
BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign.
BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Wounded in the head at Acre in 1799.
BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1
Supported Murat at Aboukir in July 1799.
BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2
Returned to
BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Lannes beat the
Austrians at
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
Died after losing a leg to a cannonball at Aspern-Essling.
Lannes,
Napoléon-Auguste, Comte then Duc de Montebello
1801-1874. The son of Marshal
Lannes, he was made a Peer in 1827, and arrived in
BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Attaché
to the
Lansdowne,
Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitz-Maurice, 5th Marquis
1780-1863.
A British politician and Irish peer who
served successively as Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary
of State for War, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He had the
distinction of holding senior positions in both Liberal and Conservative
governments.
BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand goes to an evening at his house in 1822.
She was a member of the Roman nobility in
1828.
BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
1734-1826. Author of Voyages d’Antenor
en Grèce et en Asie, avec des Notions sur l'Égypte, Manuscrit Grec trouvé à Herculanum (1798). Lantier’s work of
fiction was a tremendous popular success, and of considerable influence. Basically
it is an imitation of Barthelemy’s Anacharsis but lacks his detailed
knowledge. For this reason Lantier’s work was
referred to as ‘Anacharsis des Boudoirs’.
BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1
Mentioned.
He was a Trojan priest who tried to warn the Trojans of the Greek
threat. See Virgil’s Aeneid II.
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The
sculpture of Laocoon and his sons, found in 1506 in
A city and commune of France, capital of the Aisne département, the
town was of strategic importance in Roman times. During the Hundred Years’ War
it was attacked and taken by the Burgundians, who gave it up to the English, to
be retaken by the French after the consecration of Charles VII. Under the League,
Laon took the part of the Leaguers, and was taken by Henri IV. During the campaign of
1814 Napoleon tried in vain to dislodge Blücher from it in the Battle of Laon.
BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1
Napoleon’s army assembled there during the Hundred Days.
Lapanouze
(La Panouse), César, Comte de
1764-1836. A Paris banker he was Deputy of
the
BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 The villa was the villa
Bartholoni, demolished in 1920 to make way for the
Palais des Nations.
Laplace,
Pierre-Simon, Marquis de
1749-1827. The French astronomer and
mathematician, went to
BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2
Became a supporter of Napoleon.
Minister under Louis XVI.
BkV:Chap8:Sec1
Replaced La Luzerne as Minister of Marine in
1789.
Laporte,
Marie-François-Sébastien-Christophe Delaporte, called
1760-1823. Member of the
Convention. Under the Consulate retired to practise law at Lure.
BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 After
9th Thermidor (
Lapoype
(or La Poype), Jean-François Cornu, Marquis and General
1758-1851. A Revolutionary, and Imperial general, his wife was Fréron’s sister. He fought at Marengo.
BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1
Involved in the siege of Toulon in 1793.
Russian noble in 1812.
BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3
Mentioned.
Beneficent Roman spirits, they
watched over the household, fields, public areas etc. Each house had a Lararium
where the image of the Lar was kept. The Lares are usually coupled with the Penates
the gods of the larder. They represented the family and moved where the family
hearth moved.
BkXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lariboisière,
Jean Ambroise Baston, Comte de
1759-1812. A Napoleonic General, he was killed at Konisberg.
BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
1747-1827. An actor, he commenced his career in 1770, famously playing Orestes
in Iphigénie in 1775. He was arrested
and released in 1793, and then toured the provinces, returning to
BkIV:Chap11:Sec1
Acted at the Théâtre-Français.
Larivière,
Pierre-François Henri
1761-1838. A royalist agent in
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2
Armand was
transmitting letters to him.
1766-1842. Chief Surgeon of the Grand Army, he
is regarded by
many as the most outstanding surgeon of the Napoleonic era and one of the
founders of military surgery. When war broke out in 1792 he became assistant
surgeon to the French army on the
BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1
A witness to the atrocity at Jaffa, related
in his account of the Expedition to the East (1803).
Larrey,
Félix-Hippolyte, Baron
1808-1895. The son of
Dominique-Jean, he was a
surgeon at the Gros-Caillou hospital in
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses
him with his father.
Las
Cases, Emmanuel Augustin-Dieudonné-Joseph, Comte de
1766-1842. The French historian who accompanied Napoleon into exile on St. Helena where the emperor dictated to him a
part of his Memoirs. His famous Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (tr. 1823) is
a primary source, although not always an accurate one, for Napoleon’s last
years and his judgment of himself. The Mémorial became something of a
bible to Napoleon-worshippers.
BkXVI:Chap8:Sec1
Chateaubriand cites Chapter 11 of the Memorial
(
BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers again to the Memorial where Las Cases derides the foolish legends of Napoleon’s birth.
BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 Las Cases quoted.
BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Las Cases referred to.
BkXX:Chap13:Sec1
Memorial,
BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815.
BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1
Compelled to leave
1800. Son of Emmanuel.
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1
Accompanied his father to St Helena.
1759-1833. Former professor of statistics at the Collège de France, he
was a member of the
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand met him at Mrs Lindsay’s house in May
1800.
Lasaudre
for Le Fer de la Saudre,
Wealthy merchants of Saint-Malo
in the eighteenth century.
BkV:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned. Their luxurious château, Bonaban (at La
Gouesnière), the building of which started in 1776.
An assumed identity of Chateaubriand’s, that of a Swiss clockmaker from
Neuchâtel.
BkXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s pseudonym on his false
passport in 1800. The principality of Neuchâtel was under Prussian
jurisdiction. The passport was delivered on the 21st April by the Baron de
Kloest, and gave Chateaubriand’s height as 1.62 metres.
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2
Chateaubriand obtained a document to support his false identity at the Prussian
embassy in
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand was removed from the list of émigrés who had fought against the Republic in July 1801. He was helped by Madame de Staël and Madame Bacciochi, as well as by Fouché’s attitude.
BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s sister first sought
him out under that name.
An adventurer, he contemplated abducting
Napoleon from
BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.
Latil,
Jean-Baptiste-Marie, Cardinal, Comte then Duc de
1761-1839. Archbishop of
Rheims from 1824, he was a Cardinal from 1826, and a moderate. He was chaplain
to
Charles X from 1804, and joined him in exile in
BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrives at the Conclave of 1829.
BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1
A member of the
BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1
At dinner in the
BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1
Unpopular with Henri.
BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
The King of Latium is a character in Virgil’s Aeneid.
BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
Latouche,
Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre
Thabaud de, known as Henri de
1785-1851. The French poet and novelist is known for his publication
of Andre Chénier (in 1819) and early encouragement of George
Sand.
(His family name is also spelt ‘de la Touche’ and ‘Delatouche’.) The
Constitutionnel
was suppressed in 1817 by the government for an obscure political allusion in
an article by Latouche. He then undertook the management of the Mercure du
XIXe siècle, and began a bitter warfare against the monarchy. After 1830 he
edited Le Figaro, and spared neither the liberal politicians nor the
romanticists who triumphed under the monarchy of July. The last twenty years of
his life were spent in retirement at Aulnay.
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 The reference is to his Republican liberalism
and probably to his novel Fragoletta
(1829).
Lauderdale,
James Maitland, 8th Earl
1759-1839.
Member of
Parliament (1780) rose to the House of Lords after acceding to the Earldom of
Lauderdale on the death of his father. He was renowned for his hostility and
temper and adopted a radical stance, for example supporting the French
Revolution and indeed trying to negotiate a peace treaty with
BkXII:Chap5:Sec3
Chateaubriand heard him speak.
BkXX:Chap5:Sec3
Negotiator in
Launay,
Bernard-René Jordan, Marquis de
1740-1789. Governor, and son of a Governor, of the Bastille.
BkV:Chap8:Sec2
His death after the storming of the Bastille.
Launay de la Bliardière, David-Joseph-Marie
b.1766. Son of Gilles.
Launay de la Bliardière, Gilles-Marie
de
Tobacco-bonder at Combourg.
1310-1348. The wife of Hugues II de Sade, and the possible identity of
the lady celebrated in Petrarch’s
sonnets. He first saw her in the Church of Sainte-Claire in Avignon (
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2
Her reputed tomb (1348) in the Church of the Cordeliers (mostly destroyed 1806)
in
Laurent
Giustiniani (
1381-1456. He was the first patriarch of
BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned.
Lauriston,
Marquis de, Marshal of France
1768-1828.
French soldier
and diplomatist, he became brigadier of artillery in 1795. Resigning in 1796 he
was brought back into the service in 1800 as aide-de-camp to Napoleon with whom
as a cadet Lauriston had been on friendly terms. In 1805, having risen to the
rank of general of division, he took part in the war against
BkXX:Chap13:Sec1
Sent as Ambassador to
BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3
Sent to Kutuzov in 1812.
A city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland,
situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains
(France) and with the Jura hills to its north, it is located some 37 miles
northeast of
Geneva.
BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 The Chateaubriands there May to July 1826.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there
BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833.
Lautrec,
Odet de Foix, Vicomte de, Marshal of
1485-1528. Hero of the wars of Louis XII, then Francis I, in
BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1
Mentioned as a flower of chivalry.
BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 His victory at Ravenna in 1512.
A noble, the friend of Mirabeau
the Younger.
BkV:Chap13:Sec1
At the National Assembly.
Lauzun,
Armand-Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duc de, then Duc de Biron
1747-1793. He took part in the American Revolution, with his Hussars de
Lauzun, under Rochambeau. He led at
BkII:Chap3:Sec2
Seen by Chateaubriand at the camp at Saint-Malo.
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
His power waning.
BkV:Chap15:Sec3
BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.
BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1
His mansion in Montrouge.
She was the second wife of Geoffroy IV de Chateaubriand.
BkI:Chap1:Sec6
Chateaubriand claims her as the grand-daughter of the Count of
Laval,
Duc de, see Montmorency, Anne-Pierre-Adrien
de
The wife of
Hyacinthe.
BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand staying with her in October 1812.
Lavalette,
Hôtel de, Paris
The house at 2 Quai des Celestins, built in 1671.
BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Owned by Hyacinthe de Lavalette.
BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in October 1812.
Ex cup-bearer in the
BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Owner of the Hôtel where Chateaubriand lived
during his visits to
BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand staying with him in October 1812.
Lavalette,
Antoine-Marie Chamans, Comte de
1769-1830. Aide-de-Camp to Bonaparte, he married Emilie de Beauharnais
(1781-1855) niece of Josephine
in 1798. He was a Councillor of State, and Minister of Posts under Napoleon. Condemned to death after the
Hundred Days, he made a daring escape from the Conciergerie, by exchanging
clothes with his wife, eventually reaching
BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 His escape was aided by Sir Robert Wilson.
BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Part of the intrigue of the escape from Elba.
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2
With Napoleon after the Hundred Days.
The local chemist at Combourg, he
was apothecary-surgeon there from 1751.
BkII:Chap4:Sec3
Mentioned.
La Pointe de La Varde, a headland near Saint-Malo. The fort there was
rebuilt in 1748.
BkIII:Chap14:Sec2
A childhood haunt of Chateaubriand.
1741-1801. Poet and physiognomist, he was
born in
BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned.
1809-1880. Economist, Senator, and Member of the
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5
Mentioned.
Lavigne,
Alexis-Jacques-Buisson de
Father-in-law of Chateaubriand. Director of the Compagnie des Indes at Lorient.
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
Lavigne,
Céleste de, see Chateaubriand, Céleste Buisson
de Lavigne, Vicomtesse de
Wife of Chateaubriand.
Lavigne,
Céleste Rapion de la Placelière, Madame Buisson de
Wife of Alexis. Mother-in-law of
Chateaubriand.
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
Lavigne,
François-André Buisson de
Son of Jacques. Uncle by marriage of
Chateaubriand.
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
Lavigne,
Jacques-Pierre-Guillaume Buisson de
1713-1793. Ship’s captain for the Compagnie
des Indes. Decorated for actions against the English in the Seven Years’
War, then named Commander of the
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
Chateaubriand’s wife’s grandfather.
Lavillatte,
Joseph Bouyonnet de
1780-1858. A Royalist he was imprisoned at
BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In
Prague in May 1833.
BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Described.
BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Waiting to leave
Laville
de Villastellone, Comte Gaëtan Joseph Prosper César
de
1775-1848. He was from
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
The
daughter of King Latinus is a character in
Virgil’s Aeneid.
BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
1671-1729. The Scottish economist believed money was only a means of
exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself, and that national wealth
depended on trade. He is said to have been responsible for the wide-spread
adoption of paper money or bills. He became Controller General of Finances in
BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Law subsequently moved between
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 A protégé of the Duc d’Orléans.
1761-1833. Academician and former playwright, known for his Amis des lois (1793) who taught
literature.
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2
Armand was
transmitting royalist letters to him.
The Congress of Laibach was
a conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives, held as part of
the so-called Concert of Europe, which was the decided attempt of the Great
Powers to settle international problems through discussion and collective
weight rather than on the battlefield. The Congress was held in Ljubljana
(Laibach is the German name of the city), in what is now Slovenia but was then
a part of Austrian Empire, from January 26 until May 12, 1821.
BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
The brother of Mary of
BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.
Chateaubriand quotes John XI:44
Not identified. (Gregorio Lazzarini 1655-1730
was a noted Venetian Painter).
BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned.
He was a seventeenth century genealogist.
BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A
source of information regarding Chateaubriand’s family.
Le
Corvaisier, Julien
Tax-collector at Combourg.
BkII:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg.
BkIV:Chap5:Sec1
Signatory to Chateaubriand’s father’s death
certificate.
1671-1708. French Jesuit and founder (in
1702) of the famous collection of ‘Lettres
édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangéres par quelques
missionnaires de la Compagnie de Jésus’ one of the most important sources
of information for the history of the Catholic missions. The first eight series
were by Pére le Gobien, the latter ones by Fathers Du Halde, Patouillet,
Geoffroy, and Maréchal. The collection was printed in thirty-six volumes (
BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His
description of the Canadian Indians.
A school friend of Chateaubriand’s at Dol College.
BkII:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
The port in northern
BkIV:Chap10:Sec1
The first battalion of Chateaubriand’s regiment was stationed there.
BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1Chateaubriand
set out for
BkIX:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s mother cleared his debts allowing him to leave
BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1
Madame de Longueville took ship from there in 1650.
BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Suggested as a refuge for Louis XVIII in 1815, and by
Chateaubriand for the later Charles X.
BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1
Napoleon’s remains landed there in 1840.
Le
Motha, for Lemotheux, Captain Armand
1795-1830. He was a Captain of Carabineers in July 1830 in
BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1
Mentioned.
1789-1873. A French sculptor, he settled in
BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1
His work on the Poussin monument in 1829.
Lenormant, the younger, was Chateaubriand’s publisher in
BkXXIII:Chap6:Sec1
He reprinted Chateaubriand’s report as a pamphlet: Rapport sur l’état de la
BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1
He printed La Monarchie selon la Charte
in 1816.
BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1
He printed the Conservateur from
BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1
His premises mentioned at 8 Rue de la
A village in
BkIV:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
1668-1747. A French novelist and dramatist, his masterpiece, Gil
Blas de Santillane (1715–35), is a rambling story in the style of Spanish
picaresque romances, though unlike them in conception. It was a major influence in the development of the realistic
novel. Smollett drew heavily on it, especially in Roderick Random. Of Le
Sage’s lesser novels, Le Diable boiteux (1707) is an adaptation of a
Spanish novel, and Le Bachelier de Salamanque (1736, tr. 1737) is an
imitation of Gil Blas. Le Sage made his living by writing light pieces
for the theatres of
BkX:Chap5:Sec1
BkX:Chap7:Sec1
Gil Blas mentioned.
The ‘Furrow’, a causeway connecting Saint-Malo to the mainland, 650feet
long and originally 46 feet wide, but now three times that width.
BkI:Chap3:Sec4
Mentioned.
1617-1655.
He was the son of Cathelin Le Sueur, a turner and
sculptor in wood, who placed his son with Vouet, in whose studio he rapidly
distinguished himself. Admitted at an early age into the guild of
master-painters, he left them to take part in establishing the academy of
painting and sculpture, and was one of the first twelve professors of that
body.
BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1
His famous series of the
‘Life of St Bruno,’ was executed in the cloister of La Grande-Chartreux. These last have a more personal
character than anything else which Le Sueur produced, and much of their original
beauty survives in spite of injuries and restorations and removal from the wall
to canvas.
A mythical British King (Leir). The protagonist in Shakespeare’s tragedy of that name.
BkXII:Chap5:Sec3
His madness.
She was the Duchesse de
Berry’s maidservant who had pretended to be the
Duchess when the Carlo-Alberto,
carrying the Duchess, was boarded and searched in April 1832 in the
BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In
Lebon,
Guislain-François-Joseph
1765-1795. A defrocked priest, and a member of the National Convention and the Committee of
General Security, he is best remembered for his activities of 1793-1794, when
he was representative on mission to the departments of the Pas-de-Calais and
the Nord, where he organized the agencies of revolutionary government under the
Law of 14 Frimaire (4 December 1793), and applied its principles with energy
and zeal. During the Thermidorian Reaction, he was imprisoned for several
months, tried for terrorism, and guillotined at
BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1
Tried in 1795.
BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1
A revolutionary priest.
Lebrun,
Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Madame
1755-1842. French portrait painter; pupil of her father, Louis
Vigée, she was influenced by Greuze. Summoned to
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her
portrait of Madame de Beaumont. This may
be the portrait of 1788 (in private collection,
1729-1807. Called Lebrun-Pindare. French poet, noted for his odes and
epigrams. Past sixty, he paid poetic court to Lucile, with Julie’s agreement in 1789/90.
BkIV:Chap12:Sec3
Supported by his friend Ginguené
who later (1811) edited his complete works.
BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 An epigram of his against Laharpe’s attempts to diminish Corneille’s fame.
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 Used the common linguistic style of the age.
BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1
A quotation from his Ode ‘To Monsieur Buffon, on his detractors’, the
third line altered by Chateaubriand.
From its source in the
BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon
addressed the Army on the bridge over the
Leczinska,
Marie-Catherine-Sophie-Felicité, Queen of
1703-1768. The Daughter of Stanislas Leczinski (King of Poland as
Stanislas I, 1704), she was the wife of Louis XV.
BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
The
daughter of Thestius and wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus, she had twin sons
Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux), the Tyndaridae, following her rape by Zeus in
the form of a swan.
BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A statue of the rape.
BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand attributes
a Leda to Canova.
Ledoux
A French military man, he is mentioned in
1798.
BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.
A Republican lawyer.
BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned.
6th century
BC. The concubine of Aristogeiton who
was a conspirator with his friend Harmodius against the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus; despite
torture, she did not betray her lover, and the Athenians erected a statue of a
tongueless lion to commemorate her name and courageous silence.
BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Athenaeus’ Deipnosophists XIII, where he makes her Harmodius’ mistress.
Lefebvre,
see Dantzig, Duc de
Lefebvre-Desnouettes,
Charles, Comte
1773-1822. A French cavalry general, at Marengo he won promotion, and
at
BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Involved in the pro-Bonaparte conspiracy in 1815.
A Republican exiled to the
Seychelles in 1801.
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 He escaped and reached
St Helena.
1752-1797. A Paris butcher, known as Legendre de Paris, he was
President of the National Convention (October 1794).
Though uneducated,
he was a great natural leader. Legendre played important parts in the taking of
the Bastille, the massacre of the Champs-du-Mars and the August 10th overthrow
of the monarchy. As a delegate to the National Assembly, he voted for the death
of the King. He survived the Terror by turning against Danton but became an important reactionary
after 9th Thermidor. He forced the closing of the Jacobin Clubs and prosecuted Carrier.
BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Desaix held there.
BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleon concluded a commercial treaty
between
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.
1646-1716 The
German
philosopher and mathematician, he invented differential and integral calculus
independently of Newton, and proposed an
optimistic metaphysical theory that included the notion that we live in ‘the
best of all possible worlds.’
BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1
Suggested an Egyptian colony to Louis XIV.
BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1
His work for religious unification.
A city of east-central
BkXX:Chap6:Sec1
Taken by Davout in October 1806.
BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
The
A royalist informant, he identified Armand de Chateaubriand
in 1809.
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2
Mentioned.
Léman,
The area around
BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Barante its Prefect in 1805.
Lemercier,
Louis-Jean Népomucène
1771-1840. A Poet and dramatist, he was a
late proponent of classical tragedy over Romanticism, and the originator of
French historical comedy.
An accident caused him lifelong
partial paralysis. He made a precocious literary debut, his first tragedy, Méléagre,
being produced at the Comédie-Française before he was 16. His Tartuffe
révolutionnaire (1795) created a succès
de scandale and was quickly suppressed because of its bold political
allusions. The orthodox tragedy Agamemnon (1794) was probably his most
celebrated play. He had no sympathy with the Romantics, and in the Académie
Française, to which he was elected in 1810, he consistently opposed them,
refusing to vote for Victor Hugo’s election. He also wrote a
number of philosophical epic poems. His reputation as a writer declined long
before his death.
BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2
An exemplar of the new nineteenth century literary style.
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom.
Lemière,
for Lemierre, Antoine-Marin
1733-1793. A Poet and dramatist, Lemierre revived his earlier play Guillaume Tell in 1786 with
enormous success. After the Revolution he professed great remorse for the
production of a play inculcating revolutionary principles. He published La
Peinture (1769), based on a Latin poem by the abbé de Marsy, and a poem in
six cantos. Les Fastes, ou les usages de lannie (779), an unsatisfactory
imitation of Ovid’s Fasti.
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.
Lemière,
for Lemierre, Auguste-Jacques
Nephew of Antoine. Translator of Gray.
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.
Lemoine
(Le Moine), Jean-Baptiste
1751-1829. He managed the Chateaubriand’s
finances from 1814 and was a faithful table companion of the couple.
BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.
1602-1671. A Jesuit poet of Langres (Haute-Marne), he was the
author
of an epic poem on Saint Louis and of the work
‘La dévotion aisée’.
BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3
Chateaubriand misquotes from his
1762-1826. He published a study of the Plague
in
Marseilles and
BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes
from his work.
Lenglet-Dufresnoy,
Nicolas, Abbé
1674-1755. He was a French historian.
BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 His error in taking the name Cataio to be that of
Lenoir-Laroche,
Jean-Jacques, Comte
1749-1825. Born in
BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2
Saint-Martin died at his house La
Colinière, at Aulnay.
1802-1859. A French archaeologist, he travelled in
BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned indirectly.
BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1
He had sailed the
BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He
visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832.
Lenormant,
Marie-Josephine (Amélie) Syvoct, Madame
1804-1894. The wife (1826) of Charles,
and niece and ward of Madame Récamier
from 1811, she inherited Madame Récamier’s papers and was the first edit of her
Mémoires de ma vie.
BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Her husband had travelled with Champollion to
BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1
BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.
d.816. Pope 795-816. After his election he was opposed by a Roman
faction and forced to flee to Charlemagne
who supported his return to
BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Consecrated the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle.
d.855. Pope from 847 to 855,
he was
unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. When he was elected, on April 10, 847,
he was cardinal of Santi Quattro Coronati, and had been subdeacon of Gregory IV
and archpriest under his predecessor. His pontificate was chiefly distinguished
by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of
his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those of St Peter
and St Paul.
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.
Leo X, Giovanni di Lorenzo de’
Medici, Pope
1475-1521. The second son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, he was Pope from 1513.
He is known primarily for his
failure to stem the Protestant Reformation, which began during his reign. He
was a patron of Michelangelo.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2
Michelangelo’s request, of 1519, reads: ‘I Michelangelo, sculptor, address the
same request to Your Holiness, offering to make
a tomb for the divine poet worthy of him, in a location in the city
which would do him honour.’ Giovanni was present at the
BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Raphael’s proposal to him for clearing the Roman Forum.
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
Leo
XII, Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo
Nicola della Genga,
Pope
1760-1829. Pope 1823-29. He was generally reactionary and repressive.
His election had been opposed by
BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Prayed at Madame de Beaumont’s tomb.
BkXV:Chap7:Sec2
Mentioned.
BkXX:Chap9:Sec3
Chateaubriand received by him.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He
was of a family from Genga in Ancona
province. He was born in Genga,
BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1
Chateaubriand has an audience with him in October 1828, and on
BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 He
was taken ill on
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1
His election in 1823 had been a compromise.
BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand inherited his cat.
BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1
The Pope’s 1833 Jubilee celebrated the eighteen hundredth anniversary of the
death of Christ, and in Prgaue as in other cities a traverse of the churches or
stations of the Cross was prescribed.
A city in Styria, in central Austria, it is located on the Mur river.
BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2
BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1
The armistice preliminary to the Treaty of
Campo Formio, the Peace of Leoben, was signed there in 1797.
BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The
Bourbon royal family leaving
1452-1519.
Italian
painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, he was the most versatile genius of
the Renaissance. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper
(c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Francis I was his friend and patron.
BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1
Napoleon shipped artworks back to
BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1
Leonardo settled in
BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1
The choir frescoes of the Life of Mary in Sant’Onorio referred to are by
Peruzzi not Leonardo.
BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1
Drawings by him in the Accademia in
Leonidas
I, King of
d.480BC. Leonidas was the hero of the Battle of
Thermopylae in which he held the pass against the Persians.
BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand was in Sparta in 1806.
She was a singer whom Milton heard
at Cardinal Barberini’s house in
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1
Mentioned.
1537-1581. The sister of Alfonso
II d’Este reputedly loved by Tasso.
BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3
BkXL:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
Leopold
II, Emperor of
1747-1792. Father of Francis
II of
BkIX:Chap2:Sec1
His death on
BkIX:Chap3:Sec1
His successor Francis II was not elected as Emperor until
A police guard in 1832.
BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.
The Battle of Lepanto took place on
BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1
A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830.
Leprince,
Abbé Réne-Jacques-Joseph
d.1782. Master at Dol College.
The last curé of Saint-Samson de la Roque, appointed l5
December 1781.
BkII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s teacher at Dol.
BkII:Chap4:Sec3
He was dying of consumption (September 1779).
BkII:Chap6:Sec3
Appointed to the living near Rouen, where he
died.
The Mediterranean islands lie off
Cannes. The largest is Ile Sainte-Marguerite, with a classic coastal
fortress designed by Vauban, where the mysterious Man in the
Iron Mask and
Marshal Bazaine were imprisoned. On Saint-Honorat, the abbey, founded early in
the 5th century by Honoratus following the collapse of Roman power in the north
of
BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned.
Gendarme.
BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3
Present at the interrogation of the Duc d’Enghien
in 1804.
She was a mistress of
Catullus addressed in his poems.
BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
Lescarbot,
Marc
c1565-c1629. French lawyer, writer, and historian. His curiosity to see
the
BkVII:Chap10:Sec1
His description of the Canadian Indians.
Lescure,
Louis-Marie Joseph, Marquis de
1766-1793.
French soldier and anti-revolutionary. Emigrated
in 1791. Returned to France, and on the 10th of August 1792 took part in the
defence of the
Tuileries against the Paris mob. On the outbreak of
the Revolt in the Vendée, he was arrested and imprisoned with all his family,
as one of the promoters of the rising. He was set at liberty by the Royalists,
and became one of their leaders, fighting at Thouars, taking Fontenay and Saumur
(May-June 1793), and, after an unsuccessful attack on
Nantes, joining Henri de la
Rochejaquelein. Their peasant troops, opposed to the
republican General F. J. Westermann, sustained various defeats, but finally
gained a victory between Tiffauges and Cholet on the 19th of September 1793.
The struggle was then concentrated around Châtillon, which was time after time
taken and lost by the Republicans. Lescure was killed on the 15th of October
1793 near the château of La Tremblaye between Ernée and
Fougères.
BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.
Lesseps,
Jean-Baptiste Barthélemy, Baron de
1766-1834. He was the uncle of Ferdinand de Lesseps, creator of the
BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2
Appointed Head of Administration in
Lethe is the mythological river of the Underworld, whose waters bring
forgetfulness. Ovid, in Metamorphoses Book XI says that its stream flows from the depths of
the House of Sleep, and induces drowsiness with its murmuring. (Hence the
stream of forgetfulness.)
BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2
BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1
BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
The former name for the lands on the east coast of the
BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s travels there mentioned.
The
BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1
Mentioned.
A village in the
BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in September 1833.
Lévis-Ajac,
Gaston-Pierre Marc, Duc de
1764-1830.
A Member
of the Academy (1816), and Peer de France, under the Restoration, he had been a
representative at the Estates general in 1789 and belonged to the minority of nobles
accepting the principles of the revolution. The events of
BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
In Ghent in 1815. His friendship towards
Chateaubriand.
BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 In Mons in 1815.
BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1
Involved briefly with the Conservateur. He published a ‘Letter
regarding Quiberon’.
Lévis,
Pauline Charpentier d’Ennery, Duchesse de
d.1819. Wife of Gaston-Pierre (1785).
BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1
At Madame de Chateaubriand’s
in 1814.
BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
In Ghent in 1815. The Lévis occupied the
eighteenth-century Château of Noisiel 25km east of
BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1
At Cambrai in 1815.
BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1
Chateaubriand meets Villèle at her house.
BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in the summer of 1818.
Lévis,
Marie-Catherine d’Aubusson, Duchesse de
1798-1854. The wife of Gaston-François
(married 1821), she was the daughter of the Comte de La Feuillade.
BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lévis,
Gaston-François-Christophe, Duc de Ventadour, then Duc de
1794-1863. The son of Gaston-Pierre, he
was aide-de-camp to the Duc d’Angoulême
in 1814, and fought under the Restoration in
BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
His friendship for the Count de Chambord.
BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1
At Saint-Cloud on
BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1
He went into exile with Charles X at Holyrood
in 1832.
He was a footman at the London Embassy in 1822.
BkVI:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
1775-1818. English author. In addition to his writing he pursued a
diplomatic career and served for a time in Parliament. He was often called
‘Monk’ Lewis from the title of his extravagant Gothic romance The Monk
(1796), the writing of which was influenced by the tales of Ann
Radcliffe.
Of his melodramatic plays the most famous is The Castle Spectre (1797).
His ballads, notably Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogene, influenced
Sir Walter Scott’s early poetry.
BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 His novel ‘The Monk’.
Near Boston,
BkVII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand travelled the 340 kilometres from New York to visit the battlefield.
Lherminier,
for Lerminier, Jean-Louis-Eugène
1803-1857. A jurist and publicist he was also
a Saint-Simonist and Professor of Comparative Law at the Collège du France from
1831.
BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted from his article in the Revue des
Deux-Mondes of
Liancourt,
François-Alexandre-Frédéric de la Rochefoucauld, Duc de
1747-1827. A French social reformer, before the French Revolution
he established a model farm, two factories, and a trade school on his estate,
and in the Constituent Assembly he urged the necessity of public welfare. A
royalist during the French Revolution, he was forced to flee to
BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1
Stripped of his presidency of various charities in 1823 by Corbière. During his funeral (he died March
27th 1827), there was an altercation between pupils of his foundation school at
Châlons-sur-Marne, and the military, as to who was to carry his coffin, during
which the bier slipped and was damaged, and the insignia of his peerage fell
with it.
She was the deaf-mute mistress of Armand de Chateaubriand
in 1792.
BkIX:Chap15:Sec1
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1
BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2
At Thionville.
1605-1687. A Venetian painter of the Baroque era, he was born in
Padua
BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 There are frescoes by him in the
Basilica of Sant’Antonio in
1803-1869. Born in
BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1
BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1
He lent Chateaubriand documents
regarding Napoleon, apparently derived
from Cardinal Fesch’s archive, and published
details of them in 1842.
Lichtenstein,
Prince Johann I von
1760-1836.
In 1806,
Napoleon accepted the Principality of Liechtenstein into the Rhine
Confederation and laid the foundation for the sovereignty of the country. In
the wake of the political reorganization of
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned in
The city in
BkIX:Chap8:Sec2
Chateaubriand passed through in 1792.
BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1
Troops from there defended the Tuileries.
The Battle of Leignitz (
BkIV:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
Lieven,
Christophe Heinrich, Count, then Prince von
1774-1838. He accompanied
Alexander I of Russia during the Battle of Austerlitz
and at the signing of the Peace of Tilsit. In 1809 he was sent to represent
Russia at the Prussian court and, at the crisis of the Napoleonic Wars in 1812,
was transferred as the Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of St. James’, a
post which he kept for 22 years (1812-1834). Somewhat overshadowed by his more
illustrious wife,
Dorothea von Lieven, Prince Lieven took part in
the Congress of Vienna and died in Rome when he accompanied the future Alexander
II of Russia on his Grand Tour.
BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 In
Lieven,
Dorothea Benckendorff, Countess, then Princess von
1785-1857. The daughter of the Governor of Riga, she became Princess
Lieven, in 1826. Wife of the Prince, she was known for her vivacious personality, and was often
seen with her high-profile paramours, such as Metternich, Palmerston and Guizot, whose politics she tried to influence.
A salon she maintained in London was the most fashionable in the city.
Following her husband's retirement, she moved with her salon to Paris, where it
rivaled the circle of Madame Récamier,
and she incurred Chateaubriand’s criticism.
BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2
A frequenter of Almack’s, see Cruikshank’s
caricature.
Ligne,
Charles Joseph (Fürst von), Prince de
1735-1914. Soldier and writer, came of a princely family of Hainaut, and
was born at Brussels. He became the intimate friend and counsellor of the Emperor
Joseph II. His Brabant estates were overrun by the French in 1792-1793, and his
eldest son Charles Antoine killed in action at La Croix-du-Bois in the Argonne
(September 14, 1792).
BkX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand
met with the empty wagons returning from
The
river Lignon du Forez (or du Nord), the 60 km long left-hand tributary of the
river
BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
Ligny is a
village in the municipality of Sombreffe (in the province of Namur), where Napoleon
defeated Blücher two days before the battle of Waterloo while Wellington and Marshal
Ney were engaged at Quatre Bras.
BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1
Blücher defeated by Napoleon there on
The city in northern
BkIX:Chap6:Sec2
Chateaubriand and his brother had forged passports for there in 1792.
BkIX:Chap7:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s arrival there in 1792.
BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand suggested the Duc de Berry
went there in 1815. Mortier was in command
of the garrison there.
BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1
The king fled in that direction in 1815. Chateaubriand and his wife reached the
city on
The capital of
BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1
An example of French influence.
Limoëlan
de Cloriviëre, Joseph-Pierre Picot de
1768-1826. A fellow-pupil of Chateaubriand at
BkII:Chap7:Sec2
BkII:Chap7:Sec3 He and
Chateaubriand met at Rennes
The capital of the Haut-Vienne department on the Rivere Vienne in
wesrtern
BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2
Chateaubriand there in 1829.
Limonade,
Julien Prevost, Comte de
A talented mulatto, educated in France, Secretary of State and Minister
of Foreign Affairs for the new black
BkX:Chap5:Sec1
And Peltier.
Lindsay,
Anne Suzanne O’Dwyer, known as Mrs
1764-1820. Daughter of humble Irish immigrants of
BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand introduced to her.
BkXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 She
returned to France at the end of 1799, and met Chateaubriand and Madame d’Aguesseau on their landing at
BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 She introduced Chateaubriand to Julie Talma.
BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2
Her actions on Chateaubriand’s behalf in 1811.
1707-1778. Swedish botanist and taxonomist, considered the
founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of the modern
scientific classification of plants and animals. He studied botany and medicine,
and taught both at
BkV:Chap15:Sec3
Mentioned as the most famous of botanists.
A city in northeastern
BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand
there in September 1833. Neubau is now the 7th district of Linz to the
south-west of the city.
c1406-1469. Also called Lippo Lippi, was a Florentine painter. An
orphan he was raised by the Carmelite Friars of the Carmine in
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His
work at Spoleto in the cathedral apse,
shows scenes from the Life of the Virgin including an influential Annunciation.
Lippold
of
d.1573. A German physician and financier born in
BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1
Mentioned.
The capital and largest city of
BkXX:Chap7:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1
English presence there in 1827 to suppress a revolt against the Portuguese
constitutional government.
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1
The 1755 earthquake.
A commune of the Calvados département, in the Basse-Normandie région,
Lisieux lies in the bottom of the valley of the river Touques and on the road
from Paris to Caen.
BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
The
BkIV:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
1727-1808.
Made Under-Secretary of State by Lord
Bute; he won the favour of George III, and
when
BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Romney’s portrait of him (c1786-1788) is
in the National Portrait Gallery.
1770-1828. British Tory Prime Minister (1812-1827). Elected as an MP in
1790, he was successively Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and War Secretary.
He is remembered for his unenlightened response to the unrest that followed the
Napoleonic Wars. In 1817 he suspended habeas corpus, and following the Peterloo
Massacre introduced the repressive Six Acts (1819). He also opposed Catholic Emancipation.
BkVI:Chap1:Sec1
Visited by Chateaubriand, French Ambassador, in 1822.
BkXII:Chap5:Sec3
Chateaubriand dined with him at his country mansion, Coombe House, near
BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of him.
BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1
His fears for the future.
A major port and city on the Mersey estuary, it started life as a port
trading with Ireland, and grew rapidly in the eighteenth century superseding
Bristol as the chief west coast port trading in sugar, tobacco, cotton and
slaves with the Americas.
BkVI:Chap7:Sec1
Mentioned.
b 1735. He was steward of
the Chateaubourg estate
from 1777.
BkV:Chap6:Sec1
His adventure with a ghost.
Titus Livius. 59BC-AD17. The Roman Historian, born in
BkI:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned as a chronicler of famous deeds and men.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 As a famous Roman historian.
BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 He was
born and died in
1720?-1783.
A Welsh
soldier-of-fortune who served in the armies of
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
His historical accounts of Frederick
the Great’s campaigns.
Lobau,
Georges Mouton, Comte de
1770-1838. A Republican officer, he was aide to camp to Napoleon in
1805, then Count of Lobau after the action at Essling in 1809. A prisoner after
BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1
Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on
Lobineau,
Dom,
1666-1727. A Benedictine historian, he was the author of Histoire de Bretagne (1702).
BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A
source of information regarding Chateaubriand’s family.
Lobkowitz,
Bohuslas Hassenstein von (Bohuslav
Hasištejnský z Lobkovic)
1461-1510. A nobleman, writer and humanist from an old Bohemian family
(later the princes) of Lobkovic, he studied in
BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 From his Latin ode On the Thermal Baths of
Charles
IV.
A Breton gentleman, he was a contemporary of Madame de Sévigné.
BkV:Chap2:Sec 2
Mentioned.
BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1
BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 The
bridge was taken on the 10th May. Napoleon reports it on the 11th.
BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1
Mentioned.
Mayor of Combourg.
BkIV:Chap5:Sec1
Issued a collation of extracts concerning Combourg in 1812.
Loevenhielm
(Lowenhielm), Comte Gustave de
He was Swedish ambassador to
BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.
Tachnedorus (c.1725–1780), usually known as Chief Logan or John Logan
in historical records, was a Mingo Native American leader in the era before the
American Revolutionary War, whose revenge for the brutal killing of his family
members by white frontiersmen helped spark the conflict known as Dunmore’s War.
BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3
Chateaubriand quotes from his
famous speech to Lord Dunmore, known as Logan’s Lament.
A Republican group met at Lointier’s in July
1830 and called itself the Réunion
Lointier. Lointier is described as a restaurateur (restaurant-owner or
restorer)
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.
Loiret is a département in north-central France named after the Loiret River.
Loiret was one of the original 83 departments created during the French
Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Orléans is its capital.
BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand was named as a Minister of State on
Pilgrim to the
BkVII:Chap7:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lombardi
(Lombardo), Pietro
1435-1515. A leading sculptor and architect in
BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1
His work on the wings of the Torre del’Orologio. The existing central tower was
built by Mauro Codussi between 1496 and 1499.
Loménie
de Brienne, Archbishop of Sens
1727–94, French statesman, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
He was archbishop of
BkV:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
The capital of the
BkVI:Chap1:Sec1
BkVII:Chap1:Sec1
BkVIII:Chap1:Sec1
BkIX:Chap1:Sec1
BkX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXI:Chap1:Sec1
BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 This chapter, and succeeding chapters of
this book where indicated, were written in London. Chateaubriand was appointed
ambassador on
BkX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand returned to
BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Its river, the
The City of
BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Peltier drags Chateaubriand off to dine
there.
1769-1822. British Foreign Secretary 1812-1822. He fought a famous duel
with Canning. He played an important
part in the Congress of Vienna, and
subsequent congresses. Generally unpopular,
Preface:Sect1
Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.
BkVI:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned. He committed suicide on
BkX:Chap7:Sec1
Present at Chateaubriand’s reception on
BkX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand sought his help on behalf of Lady Sutton.
BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1
His comments on Waterloo.
BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1
His estate at
BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand dined with him on
BkXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets with him in May 1822.
BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of the man.
BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1
His position regarding
BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1
His suicide on
BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His death represented a sea-change in British politics.
1769-1822. The wife of Castlereagh,
she married him in 1794.
BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand met her on
BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Her
husband’s suicide.
1807-1882. The American
poet, descended from an established
BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3
Title of a poem by him.
1598-1682. He was a Venetian Baroque
architect, he completed Vincento Scamozzi, his master’s, Procuratie Nuove in St
Mark’s Square. He designed many churches including the cathedral at
BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His church of Santa Maria della Salute in
Longueville, Marie d’Orléans-Longueville,
Duchesse de Nemours
1625-1707. The daughter of Henry II of Orléans,
duke of Longueville, she married Henry, Duke of
Nemours in 1657, and when he died in 1659, leaving her childless, the
rest of her life was mainly spent in contesting her inheritance with her
stepmother the Duchesse de Longueville.
BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1
Neuchâtel, which she owned, passed out of French hands at her death.
Longueville,
Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon, Duchesse de
1619-1679.
She was
the daughter of Henry II de Condé and sister of the Great Condé. A noted beauty, she maintained a
long liaison with the Duc de La Rochefoucauld
and joined him as a leader of the Fronde. A determined enemy of Cardinal Mazarin, she obtained the assistance of her
brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, during the first Fronde, and that
of the Vicomte de Turenne and her
brother, the Great Condé, during the second Fronde. She made her peace with the
court in 1653. Much of her remaining life was spent in convents, notably that
of Port-Royal which through her influence was saved from persecution in her lifetime.
BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1
Introduced into society in
1635 she soon became one of the stars of the Hôtel Rambouillet, at that time
the centre of all that was learned and witty in France. She fled to Stenay
to meet Turenne in 1650.
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company.
BkXL:Chap1:Sec1
Mentioned.
A Greek novelist and romancer, and author of Daphnis and Chloe. Very little
is known of his life, and it is assumed that he lived on the isle of Lesbos
during the 2nd century
AD, which is the setting
of Daphnis and Chloe a pastoral
love tale which was the model for La Sireine by Honoré
d'Urfé, the Diana enamorada of Montemayor, the Aminta of Tasso,
and The Gentle Shepherd of Allan Ramsay. The celebrated Paul et
Virginie is an echo of the same story. Maurice Ravel adapted it for his
ballet, Daphnis et Chloé. Longus
found an incomparable translator in Jacques Amyot, bishop of Auxerre, whose
French version, as revised by Paul Louis Courier, is better known than the
original. It appeared in 1559.
BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Quoted, I:9
Longwood House on St Helena was the
summer residence of the Lieutenant Governor, John Skelton. Other houses had
been inspected and deemed unsuitable. After being shown Longwood, Napoleon on
returning to Jamestown, noticed a
pleasant house called The Briars and it was agreed he stay there until Longwood
was complete. Coincidentally
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1
Described.
BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2
The storm there on the eve of Napoleon’s death.
BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1
Longwood was abandoned but later bought (1858) by
The town in
BkIX:Chap16:Sec1
Birthplace of François de Mercy. The town
fell to the anti-Revolutionary allies on
BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand
left on
Loo-Choo
(Lewchew, Luchu),
The Ryukyu Islands or Nansei Islands, are an island chain in
the western Pacific Ocean, forming the eastern limit of the East China Sea. It
stretches southwestward from the island of Kyushu in Japan.
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1
Captain Hall had travelled to them.
Lope
de Vega, Lope Félix de Carpio
1562-1635. A Spanish poet and dramatist, after serving with the Spanish
Armada in 1588, he became secretary to the Duke of Alba settling in
BkIX:Chap10:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Dorothea is the leading character in La Niña de Plata (1607-1612), The Girl with Money, a comedy.
A Portuguese renegade, on a homeward bound journey, he jumped ship at St Helena in 1516, and lived on the island
for almost 30 years.
BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
A hilltown and comune of the Italian province of Ancona, in the Marche. on
the right bank of the Musone river
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Notre-Dame-de-Lorette is a famous church in
1778-1843. Mayor of Rennes and a keen
agriculturalist, he became deputy for Ille-et-Villaine from 1828, resigning in
1830.
BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His attempted amendment in March 1830.
The port in north-west
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
Monsieur de Lavigne was Commander of Lorient.
The Château of Lormois, 15 miles from
BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1
Madame de Castries’ childhood there.
A student at the École Polytechnique in July
1830.
BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
Loudon
or Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of
1705-1782. An English general defeated by Montcalm in
BkVII:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
778-840. Emperor and King of the Franks (814-840), he succeeded his
father Charlemagne, and was also known
as Louis the Fair, and Louis the Pious.
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.
Louis
II, Prince de Condé, see
Condé
Louis
VI, Le Gros, King of
1081-1137. Son of
BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Grandfather of Margaret de
Lusignan.
BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The cruelties of his reign.
Louis
IX, or
1215-1270. King 1226-1270. Son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile,
born at Poissy,
BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand’s
ancestor, Geoffroy IV,
travelled with him to the
BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1
BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3
BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1
BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1
BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1
The Bourbon Kings were the heirs of
BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkV:Chap10:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1
Louis XVI as a descendant of
BkIX:Chap1:Sec2
BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 The Order of Saint Louis ("ordre
royal et militaire de
BkIX:Chap3:Sec2
The Church of the Cordeliers built during his reign. The Sire de Coucy was the guilty party.
BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 He married Margaret of
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4
He had Aigues-Mortes built as a port
in the Camargue and left from there in 1248, and fatally in 1270.
BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 The
BkXV:Chap7:Sec3
BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 His death in
BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 In 1249, Louis was defeated and taken
prisoner in
BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the Annals of the Reign of King Louis by Guillaume de Nangis, cited by Joinville.
BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1
His use of Fontainebleau as a royal
site. He founded a convent there for the Trinitaires.
BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1
Mourned at his death, the death of an age.
BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 His feast day is August 25th.
BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1
He was buried at Saint-Denis, though
the tomb was destroyed during the Revolution and only a finger-relic remains.
BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1
His piety.
Louis
XI, The Prudent, King of
1423-1483.
King of
BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Having visited Péronne for an interview with Charles the Bold, Louis was made (1468) a prisoner and forced to sign a treaty granting important concessions and compelling him to participate in suppressing the revolt of Liège, which he had helped instigate.
BkXI:Chap3:Sec1
In 1477 he captured
BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1
Philippe de Comines was his Ambassador to
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1
His cynicism, and cunning.
Louis
XII, King of
1462-1515. King 1498-1515. His reign was dominated by the wars his
father Charles VIII had
initiated in
BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Louis
XII defeated the Venetians at Agnadello in
BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1
His compassion and sense of justice.
Louis
XIII, King of
1601-1643. King 1610-1643. His reign was dominated by the chief
minister Cardinal de Richelieu.
He was the son of the assassinated Henri
IV and Marie de Médicis, who was
regent during his minority. He defeated two Huguenot uprisings in 1622 and 1628
taking their fortress at
BkI:Chap4:Sec4
Assisted at La Rochelle by Saint-Malo.
BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1
His comment after his father’s death.
Louis
XIV, King of
1638-1715. King 1643-1715. Born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye,
BkI:Chap1:Sec4
His reform of the nobility in
BkI:Chap1:Sec11
Anecdotes of his court, related to Chateaubriand’s mother.
BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Saint-Malo lent Louis money for the
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14).
BkIII:Chap1:Sec3
BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec2
BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4
BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1
BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1
BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkIV:Chap1:Sec3
BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 His
palace at Versailles.
BkVII:Chap11:Sec1
The language of his time.
BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1
His statues removed from the Place des Victories and the Place Vendôme during
the Revolution.
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3
His monuments at Marseilles.
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5
His destruction of a roman temple at Bordeaux.
BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The legend of his twin brother romanticised in Dumas’ novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne.
BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He visited Saint-Cyr in 1689 for Racine’s production of Esther, and again later for Athalie.
BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His poor spelling.
BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1
Bossuet recommended he sponsor excavations
in
BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The memory of the two defeats at Höchstadt (Blenheim) in 1703/4.
BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His
grandson Philippe, later Philip V of
BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 He
invaded the United Provinces (
BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1
His use of Fontainebleau as a royal
palace.
BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1
His expansion of the monarchy. His magnanimity after Ramillies.
BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1
He commissioned the building of the Invalides.
BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1
Mourned at his death, the death of an age.
BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Adverse public reaction at his funeral.
BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1
His Catholicism.
BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 His attack on Algiers in 1681.
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Turenne’s actions during the Fronde.
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1
His brother Philippe I d’Orléans.
BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 His mistresses.
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1
His extension of the borders of
BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His long reign and old age.
BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1
Louis assumed as his emblem and that of
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His despotism.
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1
His death in 1715.
Louis
XV, King of
1710-1774. King 1715-1774. Known as Louis the Well Beloved (Le
Bien-Aimé) His weak rule discredited
BkI:Chap4:Sec4
During the Seven Year’s War, Saint-Malo lent the King thirty millions.
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
The immorality of his Court.
BkVII:Chap5:Sec1
His ‘shameful’ reign. The War in
BkXI:Chap2:Sec2
The language of his age.
BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 The hairstyle of his age.
BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1
Madame de Coislin was a favourite of his.
She was thought to have been his mistress. The De Nesle descendants said
regarding possibly inherited traits: ‘God forgives, the world forgets, but the
nose remains!’
BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1
His ability in making alliances.
BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1
His free-thinking spirit.
BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 His attitude towards Voltaire.
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 He expelled Bonnie Prince Charlie from
BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 His mistresses.
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His corruption.
BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.
Louis
XVI, King of
1754-1793. King from 1774, he was guillotined on
Preface:Sect1
BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkI:Chap1:Sec5 BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand
mentions his presentation to the King, and his brother’s presentation also in
1787.
BkIV:Chap8:Sec4
Chateaubriand’s presentation in February 1787. Later he was a member of the
commission charged with identifying the royal remains, on exhumation from the
Madeleine cemetery, on
BkIV:Chap9:Sec3
Chateaubriand’s faux pas at the Royal
hunt.
BkV:Chap1:Sec1
Louis as an unwitting agent of social change.
BkV:Chap8:Sec2
Popular calls for his abdication in
1789.
BkV:Chap9:Sec1
He addressed the National Assembly after the fall of the Bastille.
BkV:Chap12:Sec3
His awareness of Mirabeau’s
royalist sentiments.
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
The immorality of his Court.
BkVI:Chap1:Sec1
BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1
BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2
The anniversary of his death on the 21st
January.
BkVI:Chap4:Sec1
Chateaubriand wears His Majesty’s uniform at Santa Cruz.
BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1
News of the flight to Varennes in 1791.
BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1
Doomed to execution.
BkIX:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1
His communications with
BkIX:Chap3:Sec1
The National Assembly became independent of the King’s decrees on
BkIX:Chap4:Sec1
BkX:Chap5:Sec2
BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 He met the same fate as Charles I of
BkIX:Chap6:Sec2
Chateaubriand had returned from
BkIX:Chap9:Sec1
Responsible for improving the French Navy prior to the Revolution.
BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1
Nicknamed Monsieur Capet.
BkIX:Chap14:Sec1
His actions in supporting military action against the Revolution.
BkX:Chap3:Sec1 News of his death reached Jersey in late January.
BkX:Chap8:Sec1
Monsieur de Malesherbes had been a
noted royalist. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1
The Memoirs of his valet, Cléry.
BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 His execution.
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1
His bones disinterred and removed to Saint
Denis in 1815.
BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The King’s Musketeers, which Bonald joined in 1773, were dissolved in 1776.
BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1
Paoli presented to him by La Fayette.
BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1
His dethronement in August 1792.
BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1
His blood treated as that of a martyr.
BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1
The brother of Louis XVIII (and Charles X).
BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1
His planting of trees at Fontainebleau.
BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He bought the Château at Rambouillet as a summer residence.
BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2
The religious clauses in his will.
BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1
His note recommending Hippolyte Chamisso.
BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1
He visited Cherbourg in July 1786, to
inaugurate the construction of the sea-wall, where he was received enthusiastically.
BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
1785-1795. He was recognised by the emigrants as King of France
1793-1795 following the execution of his father Louis XVI
during the Revolution. He died in prison.
BkV:Chap8:Sec2
Chateaubriand called the Chamber of Peers’ attention to the neglect of his
memory in his speech of
BkV:Chap10:Sec1
Appeared at the provocative banquet given by the Guardes du Corps for the officers of the Flanders Regiment, on
BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand is reminded of his early death.
BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1
Toulon recognised him in 1793.
BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
He had no coronation.
Louis
XVIII, King of
1755-1824. King 1814-1824. Comte de Provence, Monsieur, the elder brother of Louis XVI. He
was King in name from 1795 following the death in prison of his nephew Louis XVII, and in fact from 1814 following Napoleon’s overthrow. He fled
Preface:Sect1
Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.
BkII:Chap9:Sec1
Chateaubriand is writing in 1817 during his reign. After a promising start to
his career, under the Restoration, which linked his fate to that of the ‘chambre introuvable’ of 1815, he was not
long in arousing the mistrust of minister and king. When the administration was
dissolved on
BkV:Chap9:Sec1
Called Monsieur in 1789. Mentioned as
remaining with the King until the flight to Varennes.
BkV:Chap15:Sec1
He wrote for the Journal de Paris in 1790.
BkVI:Chap1:Sec1
Chateaubriand his ambassador to
BkIX:Chap7:Sec2
Chateaubriand describes him as the last King of the French (in 1821).
BkIX:Chap11:Sec1
At Thionville in September 1792.
BkX:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand accompanied the King during the Hundred Days.
BkX:Chap3:Sec2
Anticipates the Restoration.
BkX:Chap7:Sec1
Chateaubriand gives a reception to celebrate the anniversary of his return to
BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His burial at Saint Denis in 1824.
BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1
Returned his Order of the Golden Fleece to
BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1
Talleyrand writes a memoir regarding the Duc d’Enghien’s assassination and
presents it to him.
BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s Essai revived after his
restoration.
BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXII:Chap
26:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1
BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1
In 1813 he was living at Hartwell House in
BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1
His return to
BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1
BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1
His comment on De Buonaparte et Des Bourbons.
BkXXII:Chap
20:Sec2 Napoleon’s advice for him.
BkXXII:Chap
21:Sec1 He left Dover for Calais on
BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1
He fled to Ghent in March 1815 during the
Hundred Days.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1
Occupied the Prinsenhof at
BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1
His inconsequentiality compared with Napoleon.
BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 His concern over Monsieur Decazes.
BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1
Chateaubriand gives a dinner in his honour in
BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
He died on
BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
He had no coronation.
BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His comment regarding the death of Moreau.
BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1
His reign an interlude in the revolutionary trend.
BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1
The brother of Charles X (and
Louis XVI).
BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1
The reasons behind his Restoration.
BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1824.
BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1
Mentioned.
Louis
XIX. See Duc d’Angoulême
Louis-Philippe-Joseph,
Duc d’Orléans, ‘Philippe Egalité’
1747-1793. Father of Louis-Philippe, a
cousin of Louis XVI he nevertheless voted for his death.
He joined the radical Jacobins in 1791. He
was himself executed after his son had joined the Austrian coalition against
BkV:Chap8:Sec2
Popular support for him in the streets of
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
His mistress, Marguerite de Buffon.
BkV:Chap15:Sec1
He spent several months in
BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 His bawdy activities at Monceaux.
BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1
His son’s claims to the throne.
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1
His execution.
Louis-Philippe
III, Duc d’Orléans, King of the French
1773-1850. King of the French 1830-1848. He supported the Revolution
until 1793 when he deserted to the Austrians living abroad until 1814. He
joined the liberal opposition to the restored Louis XVIII
and came to the throne after the July Revolution ousted Louis’ successor Charles X. Called the Citizen King
by Thiers he relied on middle class
support. He instigated repressions against the many rebellions against his
rule, and abdicated in the revolution of 1848. He retired to
BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Charte-Vérité was an ironical allusion to the closing words of Louis-Philippe’s Constitutional Charter of the July monarchy, in 1830 ‘La Charte sera désormais une vérité: the Charter will be a reality from now on.’
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
He initiated the First French Algerian War (1830-148) It took less than three weeks for the French
armed forces to achieve victory in the summer of 1830. French dominion was
formalized on July 5 by a surrender agreement which was forced on the Dey
(local ruler), Hussein. Five days later Hussein and his family went into exile
in
BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand writing this chapter during his reign.
BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1
At the time of Napoleon’s landing from
BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand suggested he leave for Metz in
1815.
BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1
His claims negotiated at the Congress of Vienna.
BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1
At the scene of the Duc de Berry’s
assassination in 1820.
BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1
BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2
Madame Récamier meets him at the
Opera in 1802.
BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1
In July 1830 he stayed outside
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
His royalty harmed by his method of reaching power.
BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned as a possible ruler on
BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1
The Orléanists working on his behalf on
BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s refusal to serve under him.
BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1
He fought at Jemmapes and Valmy.
BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His desire for power.
BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1
At the Palais-Royal,
BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1
BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1
At the Hôtel de Ville on the 31st of July.
BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1
Speaks to the Peers and Deputies on
BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
Wishes Chateaubriand to serve under him.
BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1
Chateaubriand suggests him as Regent only.
BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1
He becomes King of the French in 1830.
BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1
Lafayette deceived by him.
BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His treatment of the Duchess de Berry and his milking the state of cash.
BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1
Technically the legitimate heir of Henri
V.
BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Not recognised by the Duke of Modena.
BkXL:Chap3:Sec1
His attempts to have the Duchess of Berry
detained, in
BkXL:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXL:Chap7:Sec1
In 1831 the Belgians sought a new king. The
BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 His usurpation of the throne.
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 A further description of the man and his reign.
BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
Louis
I of
1786-1868. King of Bavaria from 1825, he was a patron of the arts and
an ardent philhellene, who wished to make his capital a ‘New Athens’. The
events of 1848 and his liaison with the dancer Lola Montès, forced him to
abdicate in favour of his son.
BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1
He visits Chateaubriand in 1829.
Louis,
Louis (Ludwig) Joseph Anton Johann, Archduke of
1784-1864.
15th son of Emperor Leopold II of
BkXX:Chap10:Sec1
Defeated at Abensberg in April 1809.
Louis-Ferdinand
of
1773-1806.
Probably
the most gifted Prussian soldier of the post-Frederick era, his promise was
never fulfilled because of his tragically early death in action at the battle
of Saalfeld. He was commanding 8,300 men
against Lannes’ V Corps when the French left-hand column
tried to break out from the Thuringerwald passes early in the Campaign of 1806.
He was killed by Guindet, quartermaster of the 10th French Hussars. As a
prominent leader of the Prussian court war-party, his death was a major blow to
BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1
BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.
Louis,
Joseph Dominique, Abbé and Baron
1755-1837.
French
statesman and financier, at the outbreak of the Revolution Abbé Louis (he had
earlier taken orders) already had a reputation as a financial expert. In 1792
he emigrated to England, where he spent his time studying English institutions
and especially the financial system of Pitt. Returning to France on the
establishment of the Consulate he served successively in the ministry of war,
the council of state, and in the finance department in Holland and in Paris.
Made a baron of the empire in 1809 he nevertheless supported the Bourbon restoration
and was minister of finance in 1814-1815. Baron Louis was deputy from 1815 to
1824 and from 1827 to 1832. He resumed the portfolio of finance in 1815, which
he held also in the Decazes ministry
of 1818; he was the first minister of finance under the government of Louis-Philippe, and held the same portfolio in
1831-1832. In 1832 he was made a peer of France.
BkV:Chap15:Sec1
Assisted at the celebration of the Mass during the Festival of the Federation
in July 1790.
BkXXII:Chap
24:Sec1 Minister of Finance, 1814.
BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1
In
BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1
At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815.
BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1
Named as Commissioner for Finance of the Municipal Commission,
BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1830.
Louise
Auguste Wilhelmine Amelie of Mecklenberg-Strelitz, Queen of
1776-1810. She
was
born in
BkXX:Chap6:Sec2
BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1
BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 During the war Napoleon attempted to destroy the queen’s reputation in his Bulletins of the Grand Army.
BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
Her death on
Louise
de France, Princesse, Mademoiselle
1819-1870. Elder sister of the Duc de
Bordeaux, she married Charles-Louis of Bourbon-Parma
in 1845.
BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1
BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1
In
BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 At the Hradschin 27th May 1833.
BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares her to Shakespeare’s
Perdita in
BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 At the Hradschin on 29th May 1833.
BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Sends Chateaubriand a seal.
BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
A town in the Hautes-Pyrénées département in France. It is the
largest Catholic religious pilgrimage location in France. It is situated in the
southwest of the country in the foothills of the Pyrenees mountains.
BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in August 1829.
1783-1820. A Bonapartist saddler, he assassinated the Duc de Berry on
BkXXII:Chap
21:Sec1 He told the police he had sworn to kill all the Bourbons, and had
gone to Calais in April 1814 intending to
stab Louis XVIII.
BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1
His assassination of the Duke caused, indirectly, Decazes’ fall from grace.
BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1
Described.
BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1
BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1
His crime mentioned.
Louvois,
François Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de
1641-1691. A French statesman and minister during the reign of Louis
XIV, he was associated in office after 1654 with his father Michel Le Tellier
and from 1666 he functioned as war minister officially replacing his father in
1677. The devastation of the
BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.
1618-1658. The English poet, friend and defender of Charles I, was imprisoned in the
BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1
Mentioned.
The character, a libertine and rapist, appears in Samuel Richardson’s
novel, Clarissa, or the History of a
Young Lady (1747-48). The longest novel to have been written in the English
language, it is
BkV:Chap14:Sec1
Mentioned.
1769-1844. A
British
general, he fought with credit throughout the French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic Wars, mainly in the Mediterranean region, and served (1816–21) as Governor
(appointed by the British Government, the island belonging still to the East
India Company) of
BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned.
BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 The antagonism between Napoleon and
himself. Lowe arrived on
Loyola,
Ignacio López de Loyola, St Ignatius of
1491-1556.
The
principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious
order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of
mission. Members of the order are called Jesuits.
BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
She was a member of the Roman nobility in
1828.
BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1
Mentioned.
The second largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, it was
for several centuries the ‘capital’ of the Hanseatic League (‘Queen of the
Hanse’)The old part of the town is an island enclosed by the Trave river. It is
the largest German port on the Baltic.
BkXX:Chap6:Sec1
Troops under Bernadotte occupied the neutral
Lübeck after a battle against Blücher on
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1
The thirty metre painting of the Dance of Death by Bernte Notke of 1436: a copy
of the painting made in 1701 was destroyed in the Second World War. A second original by Notke exists in
Le Luc en
A town in the Var, in 1598, the Edict of Nantes declared Luc one of the three towns in
BkXXII:Chap
20:Sec2 Austrian hussars there in 1814.
39-65 AD.
The Latin
poet, born in
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3
A reference to Pharsalia, Canto III.
BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1
See Pharsalia, Canto VI.
An ancient Etruscan city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on
the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on) the Ligurian Sea. It is
the capital city of the Province of Lucca.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1
In 1805 Lucca was taken over by Napoleon,
who made his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi
‘Queen of Etruria’. After 1815 it became a Bourbon-Parma duchy, then part of Tuscany
in 1847 and finally part of the Italian State.
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2
Mentioned.
1808-1864. He was the son of the Duca della Grazia, Prince of Campo
Franco. A young diplomat he made a morganatic marriage with the Duchess de Berry, the widow of the Duke, which was
declared to have taken place on the 14th of December 1831, though the matter is
confused, and may have been contrived to legitimise her pregnancy in 1832.
BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXL:Chap3:Sec1
BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In
Luchesi-Palli,
Marie-Caroline de Bourbon, Comtesse de, see
Berry
The town in
BkXXXV:Chap10:Sec1
Chateaubriand left
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1
Chateaubriand writes his journal there 14th-16th August. The bridge
mentioned is the Kappelbrücke, then the Hofbrücke, ornamented with a hundred
and twelve historical and saintly pictures.
120-d. later than 180.
A
Roman rhetorician and satirist, he wrote in Greek. The first printed edition of
a selection of his works was issued at
BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1
His Treatise On Amber and Swans.
BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Musarium, and her mother, who speak the dialogue, and Chaereas (Musarium’s
admirer) are characters in Lucian’s Dialogues
of the Heterae VII, here edited by Chateaubriand.
The story goes that in 1458, Filippo Lippi was
commissioned to paint a picture for the convent chapel of S. Margherita of
Prato, and there saw Lucrezia Buti, the beautiful daughter of a Florentine,
Francesco Buti; she was either a novice or a young lady placed under the nuns’
guardianship. Lippi asked that she might be permitted to sit for the figure of
the Madonna (or it might rather appear of S. Margherita); he made love to her,
abducted her, and kept her despite the utmost efforts of the nuns to reclaim
her. A later myth suggests her relatives poinsoned him in a vendetta. Their son
was the painter Filippino Lippi.
BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3
Mentioned.
c98-55BC Titus Lucretius
Carus, the Roman philosopher and poet, whose single extant work, De rerum Natura, consists of six books
expounding the philosophy of Epicurus,
including the atomic theory of phenomena and the materiality and mortality of
the soul.
BkII:Chap3:Sec4
Chateaubriand quotes from the first verse of the work, the celebrated
invocation to Venus: ‘Aeneadum genitrix, hominum divumque voluptas: Mother of Aeneas,
delight of men and of gods’
BkIII:Chap6:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura
222-223.
BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura
II 578-580. Quoted also in Montaigne’s
Essais I.19 from which essay
Chateaubriand derives the thoughts utilised here.
BkIX:Chap7:Sec2
Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura 828.
BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
The quotation is from De rerum Natura
1083. In context it means (some birds
with age even modify their raucous) song:
thus the crows centuries old (and the
flocks of rooks).
BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1
See De rerum Natura VI 1138.
1480-1519.
She was the illegitimate daughter of Rodrigo
Borgia, the powerful Renaissance
Valencian, who later became Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her
brother was the notorious despot Cesare Borgia. The subject of many tales
portraying her as wicked, possibly all apocryphal.
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
Ludwig
I of
1786-1868.
King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848
revolutions in the German states, he supported the Greek fight for
independence: His second son Otto was elected king of
BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 In
Lugano,
A lake in the south-east of Switzerland, at the border between Switzerland
and Italy, it is named after the city of Lugano, and situated between Lago
Maggiore and Lago di Como.
BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1
Chateaubriand’s destination in August 1832. The
d.c 84. The Evangelist is
by tradition the author of both the Gospel
of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, the third and fifth books of
the New Testament. In Catholicism, he is patron saint of painters, physicians
and healers
BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1
See Luke XXIV:5
BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1
For the widow of Nain and her son see Luke
VII:11-15. For the woman who touched the border of his garment see Luke VIII:43-48.
BkXL:Chap2:Sec3
See Luke XXIII:46, the last words of
Jesus on the Cross.
BkXLII:Chap16:Sec1
See Luke XI:46.
1328-1422/3. An anti-Pope (illegal claimant to the Papacy) he was
elected at the Conclave in Avignon in 1394
and took the name Benedict XIII.
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
The Treaty of Lunéville (in
Lorraine) was signed on February 9 1801 between the French Republic and
the Holy Roman Empire by Joseph
Bonaparte and Louis, Count Cobentzel,
respectively. The treaty marked the end of the Second Coalition; Britain was
the sole nation still at war with France.
BkXX:Chap2:Sec2
Mentioned.
BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1
A major military camp in 1830.
c1220-1288 Daughter (not widow) of John Lackland, King of England (son
of Louis VII Le Jeune) and Isabelle d’Angoulême. Grand-daughter of Louis VI le Gros.
BkI:Chap1:Sec6
Married Geoffroy V de
Chateaubriand about 1269.
1483-1546. The German Protestant reformer was
the founder of Lutheranism. An Augustinian monk and priest, he was professor of
theology at
BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 His chair in the Protestant Cathedral at
BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His tomb in
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Nominated Pope by the soldiers of the Constable de Bourbon!
BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1
BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lützen,
The town lies in the district of Weißenfels, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It
is situated approximately 18 km southwest of Leipzig. The first major engagement of the War
of the Sixth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars was fought there.
BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1
BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1
Mentioned.
BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Körner wounded there.
He was Austrian ambassador in
BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1
BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2
Mentioned.
The wife of the Count.
BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
Luxembourg,
François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, Duc de Piney, Marshal, called Duc de
1628-1695. A French general, marshal of
BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.
Luynes, Albert,
Duc de
1578-1621.
Being
adept at training little sporting birds, called butcher-birds (pies grièches,
or shrikes), then all the rage, Louis XIII made him
his falconer and lived on familiar terms with him.
BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1
Mentioned.
A city in
BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Source
of the obelisk in the Place de la Concorde in
In Greek mythology he was the courier who brought Hercules (Heracles) the poisoned shirt of
Nessus and whom Hercules flung into the
BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1
Mentioned.
?700-630BC.
The legendary lawgiver of Sparta, he established the military-oriented
reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Later he is supposed to have
returned to Delphi and on being told that his reforms were good, chose not to
return but to end his life there and starved himself to death .
BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1
See Plutarch Lycurgus LX-LXI. Chateaubriand compares his self-sacrifice with
that of Lycurgus.
A mistress of Horace addressed in
his Odes.
BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1
BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1
Mentioned.
Lyon
(
The third largest city in
BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in 1802.
BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1
Chateaubriand arrived there
BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in 1805.
BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1
BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3
He returned to
BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.
BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2
Napoleon there in 1799. ‘
BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1
Defensive deployments undertaken there in 1814.
BkXXII:Chap
20:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in 1814 on his way to
BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1
The Chateaubriands there in early May 1826.
BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1
The Jardin des Plantes was
established in 1792 by Jean Emmanual Gilbert a Doctor of Botany, above the site
of the Gallo-Roman Amphitheatre des Trois
Gaules, on the hill of Croix-Rousse in the north of the City. (The Three
Gauls were Lugdunenis, Belgica, and
BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3
Madame Récamier was born in
BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Ballanche came from
BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Equipped with a telegraph station in 1829.
BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 The
second Council of Lyons met from 7th May to
BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1
Chateaubriand there in May 1831. He and his wife left
BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1
There was republican insurrection in